Neurology 430 Week 1
Terms
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- The largest single component of the human brain - probably where we think
- Cerebrum
- Known as "in-between" brain - located deep inside the cerebrum - in humans it is covered
- Diencephalon
- Where the brain gets smaller
- Brainstem
- Most upper part of the brainstem
- Midbrain
- The middle part of the brainstem - front
- Pons
- The middle part of the brainstem - back
- Cerebellum
- The most inferior part of the brain stem
- Medulla oblongata
- The name for everything that is enclosed in the skull - even the brainstem is part of this
- The brain
- The name for everything that is enclose in the bony spine
- The spinal cord
- The nerves coming off the bony spine that take the name of the part of the spoine in which they originate
- Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
- The name for the lordodic curve for C1 - C7
- Cervical curve
- The cervical curve gives off which spinal nerves?
-
C1 - C8
It has 1 more nerve - The name for the kyphotic curve T1 - T12
- Thoracic curve
- The thoracic curve gives off which spinal nerves?
- T1-T12
- The name for the lordodic curve for L1-L5
- Lumbar curve
- The lumbar curve gives off which spinal nerves?
- L1-L5
- The name for the kyphotic curve S1-S5
- Sacral curve
- The sacral curve gives off which nerves?
- S1 - S5 as well as off the coxxygeal nerve 1
- The name for the part of the nervous system encased in bone (skull and bony spine)
- The central nervous system
- The name for the nerves coming off the central nervous system
- The peripheral nervous system
- How many cranial nerves?
- 12 pair coming off the brain
- How many spinal nerves?
- 31 pair coming off the spinal cord
- What are the 31 spinal nerves?
-
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal - Which nerves exit above their corresponding bone?
- C1-C7
- Where does C8 exit?
- C8 exits below C7bone
- Where do the thoracic nerves exit?
- They exit below their named vertebrae
- Where do the lumbar nerves exit?
- They exit below their named vertebrae
- Where do the sacral nerves exit?
- They exit below their corresponding sacral levels through their anterior and posterior foreman.
- Where does the 5th sacral nerve exit?
- The 5th sacaral nerve comes out through the sacral hiatus
- Where does the coccygeal nerve exit?
- Through the sacral hiatus
- What 2 things come from ectoderm?
- The skin and the nervous system
- The earliest structures in the nervous system - develops from the ectoderm and forms a hollow tube
- The neural tube
- The neural tube expands into how many primary vesicles?
- 3
- What are the 3 primary vesicles of the neural tube?
-
1. Forebrain/prosencephalon
2. Midbrain/Mesencephalon (middle)
3. Hindbrain/Rhombencephalon (most distal expansion) - What part of the brain is referenced when speaking of the cranial or superior portion?
- The front of the brain
- What part of the brain is reference when speaking of the cautal or inferior portion?
- The back of the brain
- The telencephalon, cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon are part of what?
- The prosencephalon or the front of the brain
- The most cranial/superior part of the prosencephalon the turns into cerebrum
- Telencephalon
- The lateral/paired right and left regions of the prosencephalon
- The cerebral hemispheres
- The area of the procencephalon known as the higer brain in many lower organisms also known as in-between brain
- Diencephalon
- Things with the word thalamus in the name belong to what?
- Diencephalon
- This does the least changing of any of the 3 vesicles
- Mesencephalon
- The metencephalon, the pons and the cerebellum are part of what?
- Rhombencephalon
- Name for the upper portion of the rhombencephalong that gives rise to the pons
- Metenchapholon
- Part of the rhombencephalon that lies in front
- Pons
- Part of the rhombencephalon that lies behind
- Cerebellum
- Lower portion of the rhombencephalon that turns into the medulla
- Myelencephalon
- The rest of the neural tube turns into what?
- The spinal cord
- Plasma membrane or cell membrane is positive or negative on the outside surface and positive or negative on the inside surface?
- Positive on the outside and negative on the inside
- What are the major ions involved in the body?
- Na and K - Sodium and Potassium
- Is Sodium and Potassium negative or positive?
- Positively charged
- Name for the physiological process in which every cell keeps outer positive relative to the inner negative, keeping sodium inside and potassium outside
- The sodium-potassium pump
- Describes the positive and negative relation
- Polarization
- What is another name for resting membrane potential?
- Potential energy
- Resting membrane potential = what mV?
- -80mV
- When something is done to a cell membrane to make the charges switch
- Depolarization
- Spots where negative and positive switches and can move down the lenght of a nerve
- Action potential
- Total of action potentials from beginning to end - a series of action potentials
- Nerve impulse
- Becomes repolarized right after it is depolarized
- Repolarization
- Period between impulses when nerve can't be stimulated
- Refractory period
- Describe the domino analogy of a nerve impulse
- This is similar to dominoes falling only they go back up after they fall
- What turns on a nerve impulse?
- Anything that momentarily disrupts the Sodium Potassium pump
- How fast does a nerve impulse travel?
- 1 meter per second
- What influences the speed of a nerve impulse?
- The thickness of the axon
- Name for the fatty wrapping around a neuron (nerve) - the outer covering of a nerve that is lipid
- Myelin sheath
- Name for the bare areas in the myelin sheath where myelin is missing
- The Nodes of Ranvier
- Name for when action potentials jump from node to node to node
- Salutatory conduction
- Name for axons with myelin covering
- White matter
- Name for axons without myelin sheath made up of mostly cells and dendrytes - nerve touches nerve - outer crust of the brain
- Gray matter
- Name for when an axon is stimulating a dendrite
- Axodendritic
- Name for when an axon is stimulating or touching the cell body
- Axosomatic
- Name for when an axon is in contact with another axon
- Axoaxonic
- Name for the where 1 nerve cell comes in contact and stiumulates something
- Synapse
- The space in the synapse where nothing is happening
- Synaptic cleft
- Name for when 1 nerve releases to stimulate another nerve - chemical
- Neurotransmitter
- Name for plasma membrane on the 1st neuron
- Presynaptic membrane
- Name for little globs containing neurotransmitters
- Presynaptic vesicles
- Name for the 2nd neuron that receives neurotransmitters
- Postsynaptic membrane
- Name for things that want to depolarize but can't similar to yin and yang
- Neuromodulators