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Terms
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- What is the typical signalment and clinical signs associated with AA luxation?
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Generally small breed dogs
50% less than 1 yr old - What is the pathogenesis associated with AA luxation?
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congenital absence of transverse atlantoaxial ligament
Dens hypoplasia or agenesis
Dorsal angulation of dens
Separation of dens from axis - How do you diagnose AA luxation on radiographic evaluation?
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Excessive separation of axis and atlas
Dorsal displacement of body of axis
Absence, deviation, or separation of dens
Malalignment of C1 and C2 - How do you treat AA luxation?
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Non-surgical:
neck brace
corticosteroids
cage rest
Surgical - What are the complications associated with surgicalfixation of AA luxation?
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Dorsal procedures:
Wire breaks or pulls out
Spinal cord damage during passage
Incorrect implant placement
Poor reduction
C1 fracture
Nuchal ligament may break
Ventral procedures:
Tracheal necrosis
Driving implants through cord
Respiratory arrest and death
Exsanguuination from vertebral artery
Pin migration
Screw loosening/breaking - What is the post-operative management plan for a dog with AA luxation?
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Neck splint
monitoring for up to 4 days post op
Nursing care - What is the pathophysiology associated with CCS?
- Compressive lesions
- What are the etiologies behind CCS?
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1. congenital osseous malformation
2. cervical vertebral instability/chronic disc disease
3.vertbral tipping
4.ligamentum flavum or vertebral arch malformation
5.hourglass compression - What are the typical signalmant, history, and clinical signs seen with CCS?
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middle-aged to old dogs
poor range of motion
instability
ataxia
shoulder atrophy
tetraparesis - How do you diagnose CCS?
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Plain radiographs
myelography
CT
MRI - List the surgical methods of treatment for CCS.
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Ventral decompression
Vertebral distraction/fusion
Dorsal decompression - What is an appropriate post-operative care plan for a dog with CCS?
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pain management
bladder management
physicaltherapy/rehab
supportive care - What is Hansen's type 1 and 2 disc disease?
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type one is disc extrusion
type two is disc protrusion - What dogs are affected by chondroid metaplasia (hansen's type 1)?
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small middle-aged
2 years and older peak at 6 years - what dogs get fibroid metaplasia (hansen's type 2)?
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Doberman
Rottweiller
German Shepherd
7-10 years old - What is myomalacia?
- softening of a muscle
- What are the clinical signs for cervical disk disease?
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Severe neck pain
stiff gait
lowered head
guarded neck
muscle spasms - what are the clinical signs for thoracolumbar disc disease?
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history of back pain
paraparesis
paraplegia - What is the surgical procedure to relieve compression of the cervical spinal cord due to IVDD?
- ventral slot decompression surgery
- What is the surgical procedure to relieve compression of the thoracolumbar spinal cord due to IVDD?
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Hemilaminectomy
Dorsal laminectomy - What are the 5 characteristic signs of intervertebral disc disease on plain radiographs?
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narrowed disc space
Wedged disc space
narrowed intervertbral foramina
mineralized material in the vertebral canal
narrowed articular facet - When and why is myelography necessary in dogs with IVDD?
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Determine laterelization
when rads and neuro exam conflict
multiple lesions present
unable to localize lesions on plain rads - What percentage of dogs with vertebral body fracture have multiple sites affected?
- 20 %
- When is myelography indicated for cases of spinal fracture?
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suspected disc herniation
multiple spinal injuries
bone fragments in spinal canal
plain films don't fit neurologic exam - Why is client communication paramount in a case with spinal cord trauma due to spinal fracture?
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bladder expression
ffecal incontinence
pressure sores
physical therapy
sling therapy
high cost
emotional investment - Which patients are candidates for surgical decompression of the IVDD?
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Multiple bouts of back pain
unresponsive to treatment
Non-ambulatory - what are the components of the dorsal compartment of the vertebral column?
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Vertebral arch
aricular facets
joint capsule
ligaments - What are the components of the ventral compartment of the vertbral column?
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Vertebral body
IV disc
Longitudinal ligament - m
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