Neuro Final 2
Terms
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- Sleep: Stage 1
- 3-5 mins, low voltage, low frequency waves
- Sleep: Stage 2
- 30 mins, low voltage, with "sleep spindles" - bursts
- Sleep: Stages 3, 4
- Delta waves; sleep spindles
- REM sleep
- Pre-motor & motor cortex work but brainstem stops sending signals to muscles; 'sleep paralysis'
- Symptom of Narcolepsy: Cataplexy
- Sudden loss of tone in major striated muscles
- Symptom of Narcolepsy and REM sleep: Sleep Paralysis
- Pre-motor & motor cortex work but brainstem stops sending signals to muscles
- Symptom of Narcolepsy: Hypnagogic Hallucinations
- REM sleep occuring instanteneously
- Cause of Narcolepsy
- Less hypocretin in hypothalamus, which controls appetite and sleep patterns
- Type of Insomnia: Sleep-onset
- Trouble falling asleep
- Type of Insomnia: Sleep-maintnence
- Waking up in middle of night
- Type of Insomnia: Terminal
- Waking up too early in morning
- Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists (BzRA), such as Xanax, Librium, Klonopin, and Valium
- Drugs for insomnia. Increases sleep, but decreases Stage 3/4 sleep, and can be abused
- Modafinil (Provigil)
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Drug for Narcolepsy
High doses raise dopamine
Low doses raise serotonin
Not likely to be abused - Cognitive Synesthesia
- Synesthesia based on categories
- Grapheme-color Synesthesia
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Cognitive synesthesia form
Alphanumeric characters are associated with colors - Number-form Synesthesia
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Cognitive synesthesia form
Number map - Oridnal lingusitic personification
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Cognitive synesthesia form
Ordered sequences have personalities - Synesthesia Proper
- Two senses connected
- Music-color Synesthesia
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Synesthesia Proper
Music + Visualness - Lexical-gustatory Synesthesia
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Synesthesia Proper
Words/phonemes stimulate taste sensations - Synesthesia may be caused by cross-wiring between the a]__________ and the b]__________, possibly due to a lack of c]_________.
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a] V4 color processing area, inside the fusiform gyrus
b] Number area
c] Pruning - Synesthete diagnostic criteria
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1] involuntary but elicited
2] projected
3] percepts are durable and discrete
4] memorabale
5] emotional - This is what depressants do
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less activation of the nervous system; prevents action potentials form occurring;
neurotransmitters rush out while nothing comes in - Declarative memory
- Conscious recollection of facts or events
- Non-declarative memory
- Unconscious alteration of behavior by experience
- Episodic memory
- Type of declarative memory; events, occurences
- Semantic memory
- Type of declarative memory; memory for general world knowledge
- Procedural memory
- Type of NON-declarative memory; e.g. riding a bike
- Three parts of working memory
- phonological loop, visiospatial sketchpad, central executive
- Retrograde Amnesia
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Can't remember things from past
Memento - Anterograde Amnesia
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Can only remember things BEHIND a certain point
H.M. - Alzheimers is caused by...
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...clumps of fibers in the brain's gray matter.
...plaques deposited in blood vessles in and around brain: neurofibulary tangles. - Aproxias
- Affect brain's 'how to' system: non-declarative, procedural memories