attention and memory
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- change blindness
-
when sensory memory fails to guide attention and perception
Failure to detect dramatic changes in a scene given a brief delay - How do scripts/schemas help us?
- Tells us what to pay attention to
- Guiding attention and eye movements
-
your eyes move before the stimulus does
Your eyes move before your brain processes what's there
You do this to predict what's going to happen - Summerfield et al. (2006)
-
tracked eye movements of finding key,
first time eyes moved all over the place, but once they found it they were able to zero in for the following trials (better performance after learning)
As trials went on they got much faster at finding key - How do the networks differ for memory orienting and visually orienting?
- They use the same network
- When is the hippocampus activated for the summerfield experiment?
- for Memory valid and visually neutral
- Evidence that memory orienting is explicit or implicit?
-
HC activations suggest explicit memory
But very fast! (Explicit memory usually takes time.)
Amnesics can’t do this, we don’t know if it’s explicit memory or that it involves associations
-
Cultural Differences?
-
Object
processing: More areas activated more in Americans than in East Asians
Different regions activated for background processing in East Asians than Americans
- Encoding specificity and explicit memory
-
what you pay attention to at the beginning influences what you’re able to retrieve later on
-
Priming/Implicit Memory (review)
-
People were slowest for new items, encoding specificity matters for priming too, if you made same judgment its faster
-
Turke-Browne et al (2006)
More attention at first encoding leads to⬦
-
- more priming
better recognition memory
-
Turke-Browne et al (2006)
Directing attention AWAY from irrelevant processes?
-
deactivation of regions associated with irrelevant thoughts lead to increased priming
-
Gazzaley et al. (2005)
Ignoring external irrelevant information -
When the subjects were told to remember X and ignore Y their memory was 6% better
When you ignore something you are actively pushing it down
Less activation then when you are passively viewing it -
Retrieval orientation
- (explicit) I know I’m in the information area and trying to retrieve things,
- Retrieval success
-
– trying to recognize something and realize it’s one of the ones you saw before
- Spatial neglect patients
-
don’t spontaneously notice/describe details on the “neglected†side of the world, but can usually direct attention there if specifically asked/cued – same thing for memory?
- Memory simultagnosia
- difficulty processing multiple dimensions of memory (item AND context)?
-
Attention to Internal Representations
-
“searchlightâ€
directing attention to memory contents (instead of outside world)
Problem: How to explain retrieval success effect & perceived-oldness activations?
-
Output buffer
-
- part of Baddeley’s revised model
- where episodic and semantic information are integrated?
Problem: How to explain why get parietal activation for false alarms? How to explain retrieval orientation activations?
-
Mnemonic Accumulator
-
- “bucket modelâ€
- integrate information from other brain regions regarding “oldness†of an item
- if reaches threshhold (gets full enough), then decide it was old
Problem: How to explain retrieval orientation activations?
-
Top-down attention
-
DPC
goal-directed
retrieval orientation effects
what to retrieve
what’s relevant
Effortful searching for something, Goal directed (searching for something in your mind)
low-confidence hits
familiarity
indirect-access retrieval effortful retrieval)
-
Bottom-up attention
-
VPC
detection of relevant stimuli, especially when they are salient and unexpected
detection from perception or from memory
retrieval success effects (old stimuli are relevant therefore activate more)
detects relevant info from MTL
episodic details and associations
high-confidence hits and recollection
Changes in goals / what is relevant based on salient perceptual or memory information