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A+ Basic Networking

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What is UTP
Unshielded Twisted Pair cable.
What are the speeds of UTP cat 2,3,4,5,5e and 6?
Cat 2 = 4 Mbps,
Cat 3 = 10
Cat 4 = 16 (token ring)
Cat 5 = 100
Cat 5e = 1 Gbps
Cat 6 = 2 Gbps
What is crosstalk and how do you defeat it?
Magnetic induction of wires next to eachother, electricity bleeds and messes up signal. Twisting eliminates cross talk. Tighter, faster you can send data.
What is Category 1?
Basic Telephone cable. Never intended for data.
What is EMI? How do you defeat it?
Electro Magnetic Interference happens from outside when cable runs past a motor or flourescent lights. In past, used STP = Shielded Twisted Pair cable. Nowdays: Fiberoptic cable.
What are the STP types?
Foil shield protects wire from EMI: Type 1 is most common. Two pairs of wires, used for phones going past elevators. Type 2, adds two more wires. Type 6 for patch cables. Type 8 flat type, Type 9 more rugged, only 2 pair.
What is Coaxial cable?
Central copper wire with insulation, braided shield, then insulation. All info goes through central core wire. Old technology. Some homes use for cable modems.
What are Coaxial cable types?
RG-58 drops, RG-59 what we use now. Or RG-6 (higher grade, satellite tv) thicker copper core and better shield. RG-8 is older thick back bone cable.
Fiberoptic cable
Immune to EMI. Fiber in center, insulation (cladding) teflon to keep cable from stretching (protect glass from breaking). Highest bandwidth. Expensive.
What divides a LAN from a WAN?
LAN, all lines owned by an organization. Can be in multiple buildings. WAN is LANs connected together.
How fast is a T1 connection?
1.544 Mbps. 100 Mbps is 70 times faster than a T1 which may connected LANs into a WAN.
What is a domain?
A centrally managed log on. Central server gives a list of what you can access.
What is a client-server environment?
Not a domain, just servers giving resources to clients.
Peer to peer?
clients sharing.
What are the four main topologies?
Network shapes: Bus (a line, single cable, old coaxial technology), Star (uses UTP and hub or switch in center), Ring, Star,
How many cables in a Bus topology?
One. Connects entire segment. Coaxial. Old tech, not used much now.
What cable is used in Star Topology?
UTP. Each computer has its own cable.
Is a Ring Topology physically or logically in a circle?
Logically. All network transmissions are passed around the ring. The token is passed around. MSAU special hub is used.
Is Mesh topology used for computers?
No, for networks typically.
Why is Mesh topology used?
Fault tolerance. Every component connected to every other one by its own connection.
What network protocols should you have basic info about for the A+ exam?
TCIP/IP
IPX/SPX
AppleTalk
NetBEUI/NetBIOS
What is DHCP?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol allows a server to assign an client an IP address automatically.
What is IPX/SPX?
Novell netware proprietary protocol. Novell now uses TCP/IP.
What is NWLink?
Microsoft's IPX/SPX emulation that runs on Microsoft products.
What is NetBEUI?
It is non routable, can't be used on the internet, only for one local area network. Not very secure. Could be used for Windows 95. NetBios name on computers and they will find eachother. (Self healing). Not used much now.
What are the most common network architectures?
Ethernet
Token Ring
AppleTalk
How is a network Architecture different from a network Protocol?
Architecture deals with traffic, how it works. Carrier access method.
Carrier Sense
Network card using Ethernet senses wire. Waits until there is no fluctuation on the wire. No two computers use it at exactly the same time.
Multiple Access
Multiple computers can use the wire, but not at the same time. Each takes a turn.
Collision Detection
computers start up at random times after a collision.
What are the archetecture differences between Ethernet and Appletalk?
Ethernet is CSMACD (Carrier Sense, Multiple Access, Collision Detection), AppleTalk is CSMACA (Carrier Sense, Multiple Access, Collision Avoidance) Appletalk sends a little data and sees if there is a collision.
What does a NIC do?
Translates 32 bit busses into serial, one bit at a time, and reverse on other side. Looks at every packet coming over wire.
What is 802, as in 802.11?
International Standards Organization met in the 80th year, 2nd month
What is 802.11? What is 802.11b?
Standard for wireless set up by ISO. 802.11b Uses 2.4 GHz radio band, 11 Mbps transmission rate.
What is 802.11g?
Uses 2.4 GHz radio band and transmits at 54 Mbps.
What archetecture does wireless network use?
Sends a little bit to see if the other computer can get it. If it can get it, it sends the data. (CSMACA, like AppleTalk)
What does a Repeater do?
Amplifier, regenerator of signal. No traffic decisions, no intelligence. No filtering.
What is a Hub?
Passive hub is like a patch panel, powerless. Active hub is a multi port repeater, powered. Put signal into one port, comes out amplified to all other ports.
What is a Bridge?
Does some filtering. MAC address used to identify computer and sends to correct. Can be used to connect different departments.
What is a Router?
Allows packets to go from one subnet to another. Looks at routing table to pass data on.
What are Switches?
Smarter than Hubs. Can set up VLANs. Faster than bridges. Hardware. Still segment traffic like a bridge. Bridges join traffic between dissimilar networks.
What is a Brouter?
Bridge and a router. Can route and it can bridge
What does a Gateway do?
Translates traffic between dissimilar networks. Tears down one protocol and rebuilds the other.
What is ISDN?
Attempt from phone company to use computer while using phone. Integrated Services Digital Network. No Web at the time. Now used as backup line. BRI = Basic Rate = 128 Kbps, PRI Primary Rate Interface = almost T1 speed.
What is DSL?
Digital Subscriber Line. ADSL = Aysmetric. Faster downloads than uploads. Download like a T1, not much faster than ISDN to upload.
What is SDSL?
Symetric Digital Subsriber Line. Upload and download speeds the same. Probably slower than the download speed of ADSL
What is a Cable Modem?
Uses cable tv wires.

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