Chapter 3 Organizing Data and information
Terms
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- telecommunications
- anything that carries an electric signal and interfaces between a sending device and receiving device.
- competitive local exhange carrier
- company allowed to compete with LECS like a wireless service provider.
- computer network
- communicatiosn media, devices and software connecting 2 or more people to computer systems
- centralized processing
- processing alternative where all processing occurs in one location
- decentralized processing
- alternative where devices are placed at various remote locations
- distributed processing
- alternative where computer is at remote locations but is connected to each other through a network.
- terminal to host
- application and batabase reside on a host computer and the user interacts with a dumb terminal.
- file server
- app and db reside on one host computer
- client/server
- computer platfofrms are dedicated to special functions like database mgt, printing
- wide area network (WAN)
- network that ties large geographical regions
- communications software
- provides a number of important functions in a network such as error checking and data securty
- Network operating system
- software contolling computer sytems to allow communication
- Network Management software
- software tha enavles mgr on networkded desktop to monitor computers, shared hardware and scan for viruses
- communications protocol
- rules that control telecomm connections
- internet
- collection of interconnected netweorks that freely exchange information
- ARPANET
- started in 69 by US DEpt of Defense so it could link DOD and military research contracters as well as expeiment reliable networking
- internet protocol IP
- communicatoin standard that enables traffic to be routed from one network to another
- tranmissions control protocol
- trasport layer protocol that is used in combo with IP by most internet applications
- backbone
- the internets high speed long distance telecom links
- uniform resource locator
- assigned address on internet for each computer
- serial line Ip
- comm protocol that transmits packets over phone lines
- Point to point protocol (PPP)
- comm protocol that transmits packets over phone lines
- World Wide Web
- Thousands of independantly owned companies tha towrk together as one in an internet service
- hypermedia
- tools connecting data on web pages so you can axxess topics in any order you want
- HTML tags
- codes that let your browser know how to format the text
- Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
- standard page description language for webpages
- Java
- object oriented markup language that allows small programs to be embedded in the HTML doc
- Web services
- standards and tools that streamlime and simplify communications
- content streaming
- transfer multiple media files over the internet so the stream of voice and picutesdisplays without a break (in real time)
- bot
- tool that dearches the web for info products and prices
- intranet
- internal corporate network that is built with the iternet and WWW standards and is used by employees to gain acces to corporate information
- extranet
- network linknig resouces of companies intranet with suppliers customers and partners
- virtual provate network
- secure connection between two points across the internet
- tunnelling
- VPNs transfer infomarion by encapsulating traffic in IP packets over the internet
- cookie
- text file that the internet compant can place on a hard disk of the computer to track the user movemnt
- digital signature
- encryption technique that is used to verify the identitiy of a message sender to process online financial transactions
- firewall
- a device that sits between an internal network and the internet limiting access in and of a network baded on accesss policies
- Database Management system (DBMS)
- a group of programs that manipulate the database and provide an interface between the database and its users, other application programs
- database administrator
- skilled professional who directs activitts related to an organizations database
- character
- basic block of ino
- field
- name, number or combination of character describing an aspect of a businness/object/activity
- record
- collectionof related data fields
- file
- a collection of related records
- hierarchy of data
- bits characters fields records files databases
- entity
- class of people places and things where data is collected sotred and manipulated
- attribute
- characteristic of an entity
- data item
- specific value of an attribute
- key
- field or set of fields in a record used to identify that record
- primary key
- the field or set of fields that uniquely defines the record
- traditoinal approach to mgt
- separate data files are created and stored for each application program
- planned sata redundancy
- organizing data so that certain entities are combined, summary totals are carried in data and not calculated from elemental data. Some are repeated in more than one entitty
- data model
- diagram of data entites
- enterprise data modelling
- done at the level of the enterprise
- entity relationship diagramm
- models that use basic graphic symbols to show the organization of and relationships in data
- relational model
- data described where elements are in 2D tables called relations that are the logical equivalent of files
- domain
- allowable vaues for data attributes
- selecting
- deleting rows accroding to criteria
- projecting
- eliminating columns
- joinging
- joinging two or more tables
- likning
- links two or mre tables
- flat file
- no relationship between recrods it is use dot store and manipulate a table or file
- schema
- the entire database
- subschema
- file with description of subset of database and identifies what users can view it
- data definition language
- collection of instructions and commands to deifne and describe relationships in the database
- concurrency control
- dealing when two or more people need ot access the same record in a database at the same time
- Data manipulation language
- commands used to manipulate data in a database
- data warehouse
- colects business information from many sources in thte enterprse and coves all aspects of a companies processes products and customers
- data mart
- subset of the data warehouse
- predictive analysis
- data mining that combines historical data with guess about future conditions to predict outcomes in the future.
- data mining
- information anaylsis tool involving automated discovery of patterns and relations in a warehouse or mart
- business intelligence BI
- gathering enough of the right informatoin in a timely manner and a useable form so that it can have a posiice impact on the business strategy
- compeititve intelligence
- legal and ethical collection of informatoin about competitors
- counterintelligece
- steps an organization takes to protect information that is sought by hostile intelligence gatherers
- knowledge management
- capturing companies collective expertise and distributing it to make a big payoff
- distributed database
- data that can be spread out across smaller databases through telecomm
- replicated database
- database that holds duplicate set of frequently used data
- online analytical processing
- software that allows users to explore data from a number of differnet perspectives
- object oriented database
- stores sata and processing instructions
- onject oriented database management system
- group of programs that manipulate object oriented database and provide the user interface and connections to other applications
- object relational DB managment system
- a database system tha tcan manipulate audio, visual and graphical data.
- decision making phase
- the first part in problem solving including three stages: intelligence design and choice
- intelligence stage
- the first stage in decision making. potential problems are identified
- design stage
- the second stage in decison making where alternate solutions to problem are developed
- choice stage
- the 3rd part of the decision process wher eyo must select a course of action
- implementation stage
- the fourth stage of decision process where the solution is put into effect
- monitoring stage
- the final stage of the decision process where decision makers evaluate the implementation
- programmed decisions
- the descicison made using a rule procedure or quantitative method
- nonprogrammed decisions
- deal with unusual/exceptional situations
- optimization model
- process to find the best solution and the best one that wil help the organization meet its goals.
- satisficing model
- a model tha twill find a good but not necessarily the best problem solution
- heurisitcs
- the commonly accepted guidelines that uslaly find a good solution (rule of thumb)
- scheduled reports
- the reports that are produced periodically or on a schedule
- key indicator reprt
- a summary of the previous days critical activities typically available at the beginning of each workday
- dmand reports
- the reports that are developed to give certain info at a persons request
- exception reports
- automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires mansaggement action
- drill down reports
- the reports that provide increasingly detaied data about a situation
- financial MIS
- an informations system that provides finiancial informaton to all financial managers within an org
- marketing mis
- an information system that supports managerial activities in product development distribution pricing and sales forecasting
- human resource mis
-
an information system that is concerned with the activities related to employees and potential employees of an organization ,
personnell mis - accounting mis
- an information system that provides aggregate information on accounts payable, accounts receivable and many other applications
- geographic information system
- a computer system that can assemble store manipulate and display geographic information identified according to their locations
- ad hoc DSS
- a dss concerned with situations or decision that come up only a few times in an organizations life
- instituational dss
- a dss that handles situations or decisions that occur more than once, usuall several times a year
- highly structureed problems
- problems that are straightforward and requite known facts and relationships
- semi or unstructured problems
- more compex problems wher the data relationships are not always clear the data may be in a variety of formats and the data is often difficult to manipulate
- dialogue manager
- the user interdacethat alloes decision makers to easily access and manipulate the DSS and to use common business terms and phrases
- model base
- a part of a dss that procides decison makers access to a variety of models and addists them in decision making
- model management software MMS
- the sortware tha tcoordinates the use of the models in the dss
- group support system
- the software apploication that consists of most of the elements in a DSS plus software to provide effective support in gourp decision making settings. It is also called group decisoin support system or computerized collaborativ e work system
- delphi approach
- decisoin makers are geographically dispersed o envcourage diversity amoung group members and foster creativity
- group consensus
- group members reach a unanimous decision
- nominal group technique
- encourages feedback from individual group members and the final decision is made by voting
- decison room
- the room that supports decision making
- virtual workgroups
- teams of people that are located around the world working on common projects
- executive support system
- a specialixed dss that includes all hardware software data and procedures and people to assist senior execs with the org,
- strategic planning
- determining long term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the company and predicting future trends