Psych 2 EXAM
Terms
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- sensation
- stimulation of the sense organs
- perception
- selection, organization and intrepretation of sensory input
- light
- form of electromagnetic radiation that travels moving, naturally enough at the speed of light
- amplitude
- height of light
- wavelength
- the distance between the peaks
- purity
- how varied a mix is
- lens
- transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina
- cornea
- transparent window at the front of eye
- nearsightness
- close objects seen clear, distant blurry (cornea/lens bends light too much)
- farsightness
- close objects blurry, distant seen clear (eyeball to short)
- pupil
- opening in the center of the iris, regulates amoung of light passing into rear chamber of the eye
- retina
- neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye, absorbs light and PROCESSES
- optic disk
- hole in the retina, known as blind spot, axons that run from the retina to the brain converge at a single point
- cones
- specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight/color vision
- fovea
- tiny spot in the center of the retina, only cones, visual acuity is greatest at this spot called anacula
- rods
- specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision
- optic nerve
- collection of axons that connect the eye with the brain
- receptive field
- retinal area that when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell
- at the optic chasm..
- axons from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain... (divider)
- subtractive color mixing
- removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there
- additive color mixing
- superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself
- trichromatic color theory
- stated by thomas young, holds that human eyes has 3 types of receptos with differing sensitivity to different light wavelenghts
- opponent process theory of color vision
- accounts for complementary and after image processes, holds color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic respones to 3 pairs of colors...
- afterimage
- visual image that persists after the stimulus is removed
- complementary colors
- pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together
- reconciling theories
- both are to be accounted for
- wavelength short, medium and long
- blue, green and red (repectively)
- Gestalt Principles
- closure, proximity, similiarity, simplicity, continuity
- phi phenomenom
- illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession
- binocular depth
- cues are clues about distance based ont he difering views of the two eyes
- retinal disparity
- in reference to binocular depth cues, fact that objects w/25 feet project images diff. locations on right and left retinas, so right and left eyes see views differently
- pictorial depth cues
- cues about distance that can be given in a flat picture
- monocular cues
- clues about distance based on the image in either eye along
- sounds of this measure can be deafening
- 120 decibels
- humans can hear...
- from 2 to 20,000 HZ !
- cochlea
- fluid filled coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing...
- basilar membrane
- runs the length of the spir. cochlea, holds the auditory receptors called hair cells
- theories of pitch
- place and frequency
- place theory
- perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions or places, along the basilar membrane
- frequency
- holds that perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequencey at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates
- taste buds
- we have 4-6, sweet sour fat and bitter, salty?
- sensory adaptation
- gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation
- olfactory system
- sensory system for smell
- EEG
- monitoring device of electrical activity in brain over time by electrodes attatched to scalp
- consciousness
- awareness of internal and external stimuli
- biological rhythms
- periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning
- circadian rhythms
- 24 hour biological cycles found in humans & organisms
- jet lag
- getting out of circulation with your circadian rhythms
- EMG
- records muscular activity and tension
- EOG
- records eye movements
- EKG
- records contractions of the heart
- slow wave sleep
- stages 3-4
- REM
- deep stage of sleep with REM, high freq brain wave and dreaming, s5
- non REM
- stages 1-4, no REM, little dreams, varied EEG activity
- insomnia
- chronic problems getting adeq. sleep (diff. falling asleep, remaining asleep, early morning awakening)
- narcolepsy
- disease marked by sudden and irrestibile onsets of sleep during normal waking periods
- sleep apnea
- frequent, reflexive gasping for air, awakens a person and disrupts sleep
- somnambulism/speech walking
- occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep
- hypnosis
- systematic procedure produces heightened state of suggestibility
- psychoactive drugs
- chemical substances modify mental, emotional or behavior functioning
- narcotics/opiates
- pain relieving drugs from opium
- sedatives
- sleep inducing drugs that tned to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
- stimulants
- drugs that tend to increase CNS activation and behavioral activity
- hallucinogens
- diverse group of powerful effecting drugs (mental and emotional) marked by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience
- #1 abused drug
- alcohol
- tolerance
- prog. decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of cont. use
- types of dependence
- physical and physiological
- physical dep.
- person must continue with drug to avoid withdrawal illness
- psychological dep.
- person must continue with drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving
- learning
- relatively DURABLE change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
- classical conditioning
- type of learning where stimulus acquires capacity to evoke a response orginally evoked by another stimulus
- unconditioned stimulus
- stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
- unconditioned response
- unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
- conditioned stimulus
- previously NEUTRAL stimulus that has through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditional response
- conditioned response
- learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
- acquistion
- beginning/initial stage of learning
- extinction
- gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
- spontaneous recovery
- reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
- stimulus generalization
- when organism has learned a response to a stimulus, responds in same way to new stimuli as the original stimulus
- stimulus discrimination
- occurs when organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
- operant conditioning
- form of learning where voluntary responses came to be controlled by their consequence
- reinforcement
- occurs when an event following a response increases and organism's tendency to make that response
- shaping
- reinforcment of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
- resistance (to extinction)
- occurs when an organism continues to meake a response after delivery of the reinforcer, it has been terminated
- fixed ratio
- lower resis. to extinction, short pause after reinforcement, rapid responding
- variable ratio
- higher resistance to extinction, high, steady rate without pauses
- positive reinforcement
- response is strengthened by reward stimulus
- negative reinforcement
- response is strengthened because it's followe by removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
- punishment
- occurs when an event folowing a response weakens the tendency to make that response
- conditioned taste aversion
- completely discouraged from type of food
- instinctive drift
- occurs when anima's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes
- observational learning
- organism respons to influence by the observations of others, who are called models
- 4 key processes of observational learning
- 1. attention, 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation
- encoding
- involves forming a memory code
- storage
- maintaining encoded info in memory over time
- retrieval
- involves recovering information from memory stores
- attention
- involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events
- ESR
- encoding, storage and retrieval
- elaboration
- linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
- levels of processing
- deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes
- dual coding theory
- memory is enhan. by semantic and visual codes
- sensory memory
- preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
- short term memory
- limited capacity can maintain unrehearsed info for 20 to 30 seconds
- rehearsal
- process of rep. verbalizing or thinking about information
- chunk
- group of familiar stimtul i
- long term memory
- unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
- flashbulb memories
- unusually vivid and detailed recollectoins of momentous events
- schema
- organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from exp. with object/event
- semantic network
- nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways linking related concepts
- misinformation effect
- occurs when participant's recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleaing postevent information
- source monitoring
- process of making inferences about the origins of memories
- recall measure
- of ret. requires participants to reproduce info on their own without any cues
- recognition measure
- of ret. requires participants to select previously learned info. from an array of options
- relearning measure
- requires a participant to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having it learned before
- interference
- theory proposes that people forget info because of competition from other material
- retroactive
- interference occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned information
- proactive interference
- occurs when previously learned info interferes with the retention of new information
- repression
- refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buries in the unconscious
- retrograde amnesia
- a person loses memories for events that occured prior to the injurty
- anterograde amnesia
- a person loes memories for events that occur after the injury
- hippocampus
- essential role in memory
- declaratory
- system handles factual information
- procedural memory
- houses memory for actions, skills and operations
- problem solving
- active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
- insight
- sudden discover of correct solution folowing incorrect attempts based on trial and error
- functional fixedness
- tendency to percieve an item only in terms of its common use
- mental set
- exists when people persist in using problem solving strategies in the past
- trial and error
- involves trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works
- heuristic
- guiding principle or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions
- decision
- evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
- risky decision making
- involves making choices under conditions of uncertainty
- availability heuristic
- basing the est. prob. of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
- representativeness heuristic
- involves basing the est. prob. of an event on how similiar it is to the typical prototype of that event
- gambler's fallacy
- beliefs that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occured recently