Essentials of Bioilogy 23-29
Terms
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- anemia
- An abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or low count of red blood cells that causes a person to feel constantly tired or run down
- autoimmune disease
- An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against it self
- cytotoxic T cell
- A type of lymphocyte thst kills infected cells and cancer cells
- closed circulatory system
- circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept seperate from interstitial fluid
- venule
- a vessel the conveys blood between a capilary bed and a bed
- systole
- The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump the blood
- SA (sinoatrole) node
- The pacemaker of the heart, located in the wall of the right atrium. At the base of the wall seperating the two atria is another patch of nodal tissue called the atrioventricular node (AV).
- artherosclerosis
- The most common form of arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. Build up of fatty deposits within the walls of arteries restricts the flow of blood to vital organs
- bronchus
- one air of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs
- diastole
- the stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
- immunodeficieny disease
- Any deficiency in the ability to produce an effective immune response
- diaphragm
- (1)a sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoraic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs. (2)A dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse. It serves as a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm
- lymphatic system
- Asystem of vessels and lymph cells, seperate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid and protein to the blood
- atrium
- a chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart.
- tracheae
- tiny air tubes that branch throughout the insect body for gas exchange
- secondary immune response
- The immune response elicited when animal encounter the same antigen at some later time. This is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the primary immune system
- allergens
- antigens that cause allergies
- systemic circuit
- The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen- poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.
- pulse
- the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced through the arteries by contractions of the ventricles during systole
- vein
- a vessel that returns blood to the heart
- white blood cell
- a blood cell that functions in defending the body against against infections and cancer cells. Also called leukocyte.
- effector cell
- a muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body's responses to stimuli; responds to signals from the brain or other processing center nervous system
- larnyx
- The voicebox,containing the vocal cords
- inflammatory response
- A line of defense triggered byt penetration of the skin or mucous membranes, in which small blood vessels in the vicinity of an injury dilate and become leaker; may also be widespread in the body
- neutrophil
- The most abundant type leukocyte. Neutrophils tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to but a few days.
- complement proteins
- A set of about 20 serum proteins that carry out a cascade of steps leading to the lysis of microbes
- passive immunity
- Temporary immunity obtained by acquiring ready made antibodies or immune cells; last only a few weeks or months because the immune system has not been stimulated by antigens
- alveolus
- (1) One of the deadend, multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs (2)One the milk-secreting sacsof epithelial tissue in mammary glands.
- fibrinogen
- The inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot.
- antigen
- a foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and that elicits an immune response
- double circulation
- A circulation scheme with seperate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs
- cardiovascular system
- A closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, veins and capillaries; the system is a characteristic of vertebrate.
- arteriole
- A vessel that contains blood between an artery and capillary bed
- circulatory system
- consist of heart, which pumps blood and blood vessels that transport it
- T cells
- T lymphocytes that are used as a defense mechanism of our immune system.
- clonal selection
- The mechanism that determines specificity and accounts for antigen memory in the immune system; occurs because an antigen introduced to the body selectively activates only a tiny fraction of inactive lymphocytes, which proliferate to form a clone of effector cells specific for stimulating antigen
- emphysema
- A potentially deadly disease caused by cigarette smoking that makes the thin walled aveoli brittle
- anaphylactic shock
- An acute, life-threatening, allergis response
- humoral immunity
- The type of immunity that fights bacteria and viruses in the body fluids with antibodies that circulate in the blood plasma and lymph, fluids formerly called humors
- pyrogens
- Molecules that set the body's thermostat to a higher tempature. They are released by certain leukocytes
- blood pressure
- The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
- lymph nodes
- Organs located along lymph vessels. They filter lymph and help attack viruses and bacteria.
- heart attack
- When one or more blood vessels are blocked, heart muscle cells will quickly die and the heart will fail to function properly
- leukemia
- A type of cancer of the blood forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow cells that produce leukocytes
- hemoglobin
- An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen
- interferon
- A chemical messenger of the immune system; produced by virus-infected cells and capable of helping other cells resist the virus
- ventricle
- (1) A chamber that pumps blood out of the heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
- hypertension
- High blood pressure that is marked by persistent systolic blood pressure higher than 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure higher than 90 mm Hg.
- platelet
- A small enucleated blood cell important clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow
- macrophange
- An amoeboid cell that moves through tissue fibers, engulfing bacteria and dead cells by phagocytosis
- erythrocyte
- A red blood cell; contains hemoglobin, which functions in transporting oxygen in the circulatory system
- pulmonary circuit
- The branch of circulatory system that supplies the lungs
- active immunity
- immunity conferred by recovering from an infectious disease
- pacemaker
- A specialized region of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial (SA) node
- electrocardiogram
- A record of the electrical impulses that travel through cardiac muscle during the heart cycle
- bronchioles
- Five branches of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli
- monoclonal antibody
- A defensive protein produced by cells descended from a single cell; antibody that is secreted by a clone of cells and, consequently, is specific for a single antigenic determinant
- natural killer (NK) cell
- A nonspecific defensive cell that attacks tumor cells and detroys infected body cells, especially those harboring viruses