Communications Ch 1-4 Vocab
Terms
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- Communication
- the process of creating or sharing meaning in informal conversation, group interaction, or public speaking.
- Participants
- individual who take turns assuming the roles of senders and receivers during an interaction
- contexts
- the physical, social, historical, psychological, and cultural settings in which communication occurs.
- physical context
- the location, envirgonmental conditions (temp, light, noise), physical distance between communicators, any seating arrangements, and time of day of a communication event.
- social context
- the expressed purpose of the event as well as teh nature of the relationships between and among the participants.
- historical context
- the background provided by previous communication episodes between the participants that influence understandings in the current encounter.
- psychological context
- the mood and feelings each person brings to the conversation.
- cultural context
- the beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social hierarchies, religion, notions of time, and roles of a group of people that help participants form and interpret messages.
- messages
- verbal utterances and nonverbal behaviors that senders use to convey their meanings.
- meaning
- the combination of ideas and feelings that exist in a sender's mind.
- symbols
- words, sounds, and actions that are recognized by others as representing specific content meaning.
- encoding
- the cognitive thinking process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them into a message.
- decoding
- the process of transforming messages from another back into one's own ideas and feelings.
- channel
- a sensory route used to transmit messages.
- noise
- any external, internal, or semantic stimulus that interferes with sharing meaning.
- external noises
- sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people's attention away from what is being said or done.
- internal noises
- unrelated thoughts and feelings that draw attention away from what is being said or done.
- semantic noises
- unintended meanings aroused by certain symbols and behaviors that distract your attention from what another person has to say.
- feedback
- a receivers response to a message.
- Functions of communication
-
1. to meet our social needs
2. to enhance and maintain our sense of self
3. to develop relationships
4. to exchange information
5. to influence others - interpersonal communication settings
- informal conversations between two or more people.
- problem solving group settings
- participants come together for teh specific purpose of solving a problem or arriving at a decision.
- public speaking settings
- one participant, the speaker, delivers a prepared message to a group or audience who has assembled to hear the speaker.
- electronically mediated communication settings
- participants who do not share a physical context but communicate through the use of technology.
- electronic correspondence conducted between two or more users on a network.
- newsgroup
- an electronic gathering plae for people with similar interests.
- internet chat
- an interactive message exchange between two or more people in a chat room where teh message and typed responses appearing instantly on participants' computer screens.
- spontaneous expressions
- spoken without much conscious thought.
- scripted messages
- phrasings learned from past encounters that we judge to be appropriate to the present situation.
- constructed messages.
- messages put together with carefult thought when we recognize that our known scrips are inadequate for the situation
- immediacy
- the degree of liking or attractiveness in a relationship.
- control
- the degree to which one participant is perceieved to be more dominant or powerful.
- cultural diversity
- variations between and among people that affect every aspect of communication.
- ethics
- a set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group, or an individual
- truthfulness and honestly
- refraining from lying, cheating, stealing, or deception
- moral dilemma
- a choice involving an unsatisfactory alternative
- integrity
- maintaining a consitency of belief and action (keeping promises)
- fairness
- achieving the right balance of interests without regard to one's own feelings and without showing favor to any side in a conflict.
- respect
- showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas, even if we don't agree with them.
- responsibility
- being accountable for one's actions and what one says.
- communication competence
- the impmression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in a given situation.
- skills
- goal-oriented actions or action sequences that we can master and repeat in appropriate situations.
- how to write a goal statement
-
1. state the problem
2. state the specific goal
3. outline a specific procedure for reaching the goal.
4. devise a method of determining when the goal has been reached. - perception
- the process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it.
- pattern
- a set of characteristics used to differentiate some things from others.
- interpret
- assigning meaning to information.
- self concept
- your self identity
- self esteem
- your overall evaluation of your competence and personal worthiness.
- incongruence
- the gap between our inaccurate self perceptions and reality.
- self fulfilling prophecies
- events that happen as teh result of being foretold, expected, or talked about.
- self-talk
- the internal conversations we have with ourselves
- role
- a pattern of learned behaviors that people use to meet the perceived demands of a particular context.
- uncertainty reduction
- the process of monitoring the social environment to learn more about self and others.
- implicit personality theories
- assumptions peole have develed about which physical characterisitcs and personality traits or behaviors are assocaited with another.
- halo effect
- to generalize and perceive that a person has a whole set of characerisitcs when you have actually observed only one characteristic, trait, or behavior
- stereotypes
- attributions that cover up individual differences and ascribe certain characterisitcs to an entire group of people.
- prejudice
- a rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes and individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another group or person.
- discrimination
- a negative action toward a social group or its members on account of group membership.
- "isms"
- racism, ethnocentrism, sexism, ageism, ableism, and other isms occur when a powerful group believes its members are superior to those of another group and that this superiority gives the powerful group the right to dominate or discriminate against the inferior group
- attributions
- reasons we give for others' behavior
- how to improve social perception
-
1. question the accuracy of your perception
2. seek more information to verify perceptions
3. realize that your perceptions of a person will change over time. - perception check
- a message that reflects your understanding of another person's behavior.
- language
- a body of symboles (most commonly words) and the systems for their use in messages that are common to the peole of the same speech community.
- speech community
- a group of people who speak the same language (also called a language community)
- words
- symbols used by a speech community to represent objects, ideas, and feelings
- denotation
- the direct, explicit meaning a speech community formally gives a word, it is the meaning found in a dictionary.
- syntactic context
- the position of a word in a sentence and the other words around it.
- connotation
- the feelings or evaluations we associate with a word.
- low context cultures
- meaning is embedded mainly in teh messages transmitted and is presented directly.
- high context cultures
- meaning is interpreted based on physical, social and relational context.
- specific language
- language that clarifies meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular item or gropu within that category.
- concrete words
- words that appeal to the sense and help us see, hear, smell, taste, or touch
- precise words
- words that narrow a larger category
- dating information
- specifying the time or time period that a fact was true or known to be true.
- generalizing
- drawing a conclusion from particulars.
- indexing
- the practice of acknowledging the presence of individual differences when voicing generalizations.
- speaking appropriately
- choosing language and symbols that are adapted to the needs, interest,s knowledge, and attitutudes of the listenerse and avoiding language that alienates them.
- jargon
- technical terminology
- slang
- informal, nonstandard vocabulary
- generic language
- using words that may apply only to one sex, race, or other gruop as though they represent everyone.
- non parallel language
- terms are changed because of the sex, race, or other characteristic of the individual
- marking
- the addition of sex, race, age, or other designations to a description
- hate speech
- the use of words and phrases to demean another person or group and to express teh speakers hatred and prjudice toward that person or group.
- nonverbal communication
- bodily actions and vocal qualities that typically accompany a verbal message.
- body motions or kinesics
- the use of eye contact, facial expression, gesture, and posture to communicate
- eye contact or gaze
- how and how much we look at people with whom we are communicating.
- facial expression
- the arrangement of facial muscles to communicate emotional states or reactions to messages
- gestures
- the movements of hands, arms, and fingers that alone or in concert with a verbal message convery meaning
- posture
- the position and arrangment of the body
- hows body motions are used
-
1. take the place of a word or phrase
2. illustrate what a speaker is saying
3. display non verbal expression of feelings
4. control or regulate the flow of a conversation
5. relieve tension - paralanguage or vocalics
- the nonverbal "sound" of what we hear, how something is said
- pitch
- the highness or lowness of tones of voice
- volume
- the loudness or softness of tone
- rate
- the speed at which a person speaks
- quality
- the timbre of character of voice
- vocal interferences
- extraneous sounds or words that interrupt fluence speech
- poise
- a manner of bearing that indicates a persons level of self confidence
- touch or haptics
- the use of hands, arms, and other body parts to pat, hug, slap, kiss, pinch, stroke, hold, embrace, and tickle
- duration
- the amount of time we regard as appropriate for certain events or activities
- activity
- what people perceive should be done in a given period
- punctuality
- the extent to which one adheres strictly to the appointed or regular time.
- territory
- space over which we may claim ownership.