History Exam
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- triumph
- procession honoring a hero
- PIt
- Area in front of the stage
- The Domesday Book
- A cencus and land survey of England
- persian wars
- persians conquered ionia; ionians revolted and asked mainland for help; they helped and the persian king was mad at the mainland and wanted to punish them
- Inquisition
- Church court
- sparta
- central region of greece; tried to become the strongest people in greece
- Castles
- Large, fortified houses, WAR
- oligarchy
- form of government in which few people have ruling power
- darius
- persian king who punished the greek main land for helping ionia
- mycenaeans
- started in the grasslands of southern russia; settled in lowlands of greece
- islands
- crowded roman apartments
- hellenistic age
- hellenistic=like greeks; and age when everything had to do with something greek
- fasces
- symbol of power to etruscans
- hippocrates
- "father of the scientific method"
- Capetian
- Dynasty that strengthened the central government
- mundus
- meeting point of the living and the dead
- Outremer
- A feudal society in Palestine caused by Crusades
- Miguel de Cervantes
- Wrote "Don Quixote"
- Francis I
- Renaissance ruler in France
- veto
- to say no to an official act
- iliad and odyssey
- poems by homer about when the mycenaeans attacked troy
- helots
- slave farm workers in sparta
- scientific method
- process used by scientists to study something; make a hypothesis then test it
- pancratium
- sport combining boxing and wrestling
- Friar
- Traveling preacher
- Seljuk Turks
- Conquered jerusalem and threatened the Byzantine Empire (cause of Crusades)
- corvus
- military device on a roman ship
- Venice
- Controlled trade of Near East
- emperor
- absolute ruler of an empire
- Apprenticeship
- the act of being a apprentice; Apprentice- a person in training(from a master) to do a craft
- Papal States
- Area of Italy controlled by the Pope
- Flanders
- Supplied with wool by England; Made woolen cloth
- Printing press
- A machine invented by Johann Gutenberg that helped spread information in the form of books and papers
- constantine
- made sons have to follow their fathers jobs (ex. father was a slave=son is a slave; father was a painter=son is a painter); made wealthy landowners move to villas
- soliloquy
- solo talk to an audience
- Unions
- Groups of people joined for a common cause
- civil war
- war between citizens of one nation
- political science
- the study of government
- Elizabeth I
- Ruler of England at height of Renaissance
- Communes
- Italian political groups seeking self government
- manor
- a farming community
- Acre
- Last Christian stronghold; conquered in 1291
- democracy
- form of government in athens
- arch
- architectural contribution of etruscans
- Universities
- Groups of people devoted to learning
- bread and circuses
- out of work farmers got free food and daily entertainment from dictators so they wouldnt revolt
- phillip II
- macedonia king who conquered greece in 338 b.c.
- inflation
- period of ever increasing prices
- dark ages
- a time where the progress of civilization stops
- War of the Roses
- War between the Yorks & the Lancasters for power of England, Tudors got power
- feudalism
- Government by land-owning nobles
- Pope Gregory VII
- Pope who reformed the church by controlling kings and nobles
- Continental
- Word that refers to the European mainland
- Trial Jury
- A group who decides whether a person accused of a crime is innocent or guilty
- socrates
- developed method of questioning for students
- acropolis
- fortified hill in a city state
- hannibal
- carthagenian general who led army over alps
- Seneschal
- Officials who looked after a lord's fief
- athens
- northeast of sparta; constitution; nice people
- Playwright
- Author of a play
- Classical
- Reflecting interest in Greek/Roman art
- dictator
- ruler who has absolute power
- rome
- 1st king was romulus; italian city atop a palatine
- etruria
- rolling hill country north of the latin village on the palatine
- Orders
- Groups of Friars
- Page
- Young boy who helped knights
- Crossbow
- weapon used to fire an arrow with great force
- Cathedrals
- Churches lead by bishops
- minotaur
- legendary monster who lived on crete
- Tithes
- Church offerings equal to 10% of income
- act of homage
- pledge of loyalty given by a vassal to a lord
- Florence
- Where Italian Renaissance began, Medici family ruled, famous for artists, poets, and philosophers
- destriers
- giant war horses
- Michelangelo Buonarroti
- Italian master sculptor of Renaissance
- Fiefs
- Feudal estates
- republic
- government where people elect representatives
- William the Conqueror
- defeated Harold the king of the Anglo-Saxsons
- euripides
- great writer of tragities
- polis
- greek city state
- Parliament
- France's national assembly
- Peers
- Equals
- magistrates
- greek judges
- gladiators
- fighters in gladitorial gmaes; fought animals or people in arenas
- freedmen
- peasants who paid lords for right to farm the land
- oracles
- person who could speak with the gods
- aneas
- trojan hero who became "father of romans"
- Circuit Judges
- Judges who travel throughout a country
- Journeyman
- Person payed daily wages to work for an expert
- pericles
- known as "1st citizen" of athens; rebuilt athens; also built Long Walls; led athens for 30 years
- triumvirate
- a 3 man rule
- megaron
- a square room with a fireplace in the center
- Burgs
- Name given to a town near a castle
- Burghers
- Rich merchants who lived in towns
- diocletian
- divided empire into TWO parts
- Tudors
- English rulers who ruled after the war of the Roses
- College of Cardinals
- Group of Bishops that helped pope Gregory VII rule form Rome
- comedies
- plays which poke fun
- constitution
- written rules for government
- sophocles
- great writer of tragities
- standardized laws
- laws made the same
- marathon
- a plain 26 miles northeast of athens where a battle happened, greeks won
- legionaries
- payed soldiers in the roman army
- knossos
- one of crete's largest cities
- thermopyale
- battle won by persians in a mountain pass
- Frederick I
- German emperor who forced powerful lords to promise him loyalty and to work for his government, citizens and Pope defeated his armies, drowned in river
- rule by devine right
- diocletian; emperors powers and rights to rule came from the Gods
- euclid
- "father of geometry"
- delos
- island where delian league was based
- romulus and remus
- a latin princess's children (the princess swore to never have children) so they were taken and left on the bank of a flooding river to die; a she-wolf raised them then a farmer took them; founded rome (romulus)
- pentathlon
- sporting event (game) that tested running, discus, and three other sports
- ladies
- noblewomen
- palisade
- high wooden fence
- punic wars
- punic=phoenician; romans felt threatened by the near-by phoenicians and wanted Sicily's granaries; rome won; 3 wars
- omens
- signs of what is to happen
- Scabbard
- Sword holder
- Saladin
- Muslim military leader who retook Jerusalem
- aeschylus
- earliest writer to create a two-character play
- mercenaries
- hired soldiers
- aristophanes
- greek writer of comedies
- catacombs
- underground tombs
- homer
- blind poet who told about the greek and trojan heroes
- Vassal
- Noble who served a lord of a higher rank
- perioeci
- merchants for sparta
- Dauphin
- Eldest son of a king in France(French King)
- bull leaping
- minoan bull fighting
- Venetians
- Got 1/2 of conquests and large sum of money from Crusaders in return for ships and equipment
- latifundias
- large estates in rome
- Johannes Gutenburg
- German inventor, printing press
- ephors
- helped council of elders in sparta
- council of 500
- handled daily business of athens; chosen by lots; couldn't serve more than two terms (a term was a year)
- Phillip IV
- French ruler whose reign became national government
- julius caesar
- dictator of rome; wrote "commentaries"
- minoans
- lived on crete in med sea; grew wheat, barley, grapes, and olives; traded extras; became good carpenters
- Humanist
- Scholars who believed in importance of the individual, of the human
- Joan of Arc
- Main goal to help Charles become king, French peasant girl who defeated English army in hundreds year war
- Chancellor
- Church officals who headed a university
- xerxes
- darius's son who sent 250,000 soldiers across the aegean and conquered northern greece
- amphitheater
- open-air greek site for plays
- Chateaux
- French renaissance castles
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Made clever machines, made "The Last Supper", famous Italian painter, scientist, artist, and inventor
- tarrifs
- taxes on goods brought into a country
- necropolis
- cemetery area containing many tombs
- agora
- marketplace in greece
- domus
- a roman house
- social groups
- lower class(peasants, farmers) middle class(artisans, shop keepers) and upper class((nobles and royalty)
- Guilds
- Association of merchants or artisans
- ionia
- greek city state in asia minor and on the aegean islands
- Henry II
- Reformed law courts and began the jury system
- Magna Carta
- A document that said you had the right to hav a trail by peers, that the king must obey the laws, and that the king could only tax with approval from the council
- Otto I
- King of Germany named 1st Holy Roman Emperor
- Doge
- Official ruler of Venice
- Louis IX
- Founded royal courts. a royal mint, and went on a Crusade
- census
- population count
- tribune
- officals who protected the rights of plebeians
- peasants
- people who worked the land or served the nobles
- peloponnesian war
- persian war between greeks and persians
- Hubert and Jan Van Eyck
- Developed oil paints, Flanders
- Master
- Person highly skilled in trade, craft, or business
- ides of march
- day julius caesar was stabbed to death; march 15th
- defense league
- protective group
- olympic games
- every 4 years (in the summer) a festival was held to honor zeus; they had sport contests
- tournament
- a special contest for knights
- El Greco
- Painted long, stretched bodies, from Spain
- gladiatorial
- games at which romans amused themselves
- villas
- roman country estates
- The Crusades
- Series of holy wars that lasted 200 years
- battle of adrianople
- a Germanic group defeated the roman legions; war
- salamis
- island that athenians flee to during persian war
- senate
- governmental body made up of 300 patricians
- plato
- pupil of socrates and founder of the academy
- Renaissance
- Rebirth of classical literature or thoughts
- Isabella
- From Castile, married Ferdinand of Aragon, "Catholic Monarch", used the Inquisition to unify Spain
- frescoes
- water color paintings on walls
- Portcullis
- Heavy oak or iron gate
- Mass
- Worship service
- Emir
- Military leader of Muslims
- pax romana
- a 200 year period of peace begining in Augustus's rule
- joust
- contest of strength using blunt lances
- Hundreds Year War
- War between English and French; causes- English owned more land in France then the French and the French wanted the English out; effects- France got land back, English lost money, peasants were more important
- consuls
- two administrative and military leaders of rome
- Franciscans and Dominicans
- two orders (groups) of Friars
- Lorenzo de Medici
- Ruler who made Florence center for the Renaissance
- Monarchies
- Countries ruled by a king or queen
- Piazza
- Central square of an Italian city
- tragities
- plays about suffering
- golden age of greece
- time when greeks were interested in arts, science, and religion and progressed in all three
- legacy
- gift from the past
- Perspective
- Way of showing objects as they appear at different distances
- twelve tables
- writen laws of rome
- publicans
- roman tax collectors
- Knights
- Warriors on horseback
- praetorium guard
- emperors body guards
- Charters
- Documents giving townspeople control of their government
- prophecy
- a statement of what might happen in the future
- forum
- public square of a city
- logic
- science of reasoning
- patricians
- oldest, wealthiest families in rome
- tiberius and gaius grachus
- reformers who were assassinated
- alexander the great
- included scientist and philosophers in army; gained 22,000 miles of territory
- legion
- roman army unit of 5,000
- juris prudents
- roman lawyers
- intellect
- the ability to learn and reason
- philosophy
- study of laws, of nature, and love of wisdom
- Canon Laws
- Laws set up by a church
- clergy
- religious leaders
- aristocracy
- form of government in sparta; government ruled by nobles
- troy
- a major trading city in asia minor
- carthage
- phoenician city who fights with rome in punic wars
- Keep
- Tall castle tower
- Code of Chivalry
- Rules of life for knights
- dorians
- people who conquered the mycenaeans
- 1st triumvirate
- Marcus Lincinius, Gnaeus Pompeius, and Jul0ius Caesar; Crassus died and then Pompeius was murdered so Caesar ruled
- theseus
- legendary hero who killed the minotuar
- Excommunicated
- To have lost church membership
- Fairs
- Gatherings of merchants sponsored by local nobles or churchmen
- bath houses
- a place to meet friends, take a warm cold or steam bath, and also some had libraries, sport stadiums, and gyms
- latins
- settlers of northern italy; probably from lydia
- Roman Catholic Church
- Great influence during Middle Ages; center of every village and town
- herodotus
- "father of history"
- Catholic Monarchs
- Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain)
- Richard I
- Leader of Kings Crusade; Signed truce with Saladin
- bailiff
- official who made sure that peasants worked hard
- labyrinth
- difficult network of paths; a maze
- Hapsburgs
- Family who served as Holy Roman Emperors for about 650 years
- Grand Jury
- Jury that examines accusations and advises criminal charges
- Black Death
- Carried by rats on trading ships from England; Killed MANY people
- aristotle
- scholar to 1st group plants and animals
- dubbing
- ceremony to become a knight
- plebeians
- lower class romans
- parthenon
- temple for the goddess athena
- Moors
- muslims
- city state
- cities and the surrounding territories
- Corregidores
- Spanish royal officals
- Urban II
- Called for Europeans to go on Crusade
- William Shakespere
- English playwright, wrote "Hamlet", wrote tragities and comedies
- crete
- island in med. sea where minoans lived
- Longbow
- Weapon that uses a steel tipped arrow
- Ferdinand
- From Aragon, married Isabella of Castile, "Catholic Monarch" of Spain
- mother earth
- minoans most important god/goddess
- squire
- teenager in training for knighthood
- cleisthenes
- noble; put in 1st constitution that was democratic; spartan that overthrew athens government
- soothsayers
- people who predicted the future