Biology Animals 2
Terms
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- invertebrate
- animals that have no backbone, or vertebral colomn
- vertebrate
- 5% of animals, including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals that have a backbone
- blastula
- when the zygote undergoes a series of divisions to form a hollow ball of cells. when folds, forms blastopore
- protostome
- animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore (blastula)(all up to echinoderms)
- deuterostome
- animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore (starting at echinoderms)
- mesoderm
- middle layer, with muscles, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
- endoderm
- animals that can generate their own body heat
- ectoderm
- outermost layer, sense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of the skin
- asymmetry
- no symmetry
- cephalization
- concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body (head)
- osculum
- large hole at the top of the sponge where water leaves the sponge
- spicule
- spike-shaped structure made of chalklike calcium carbonate (sponges skeleton)
- internal fertilization
- in sponges, sperm are rleased from one sponge and are carried by water currents until they enter the pores of another sponge
- larva
- immature stage of an organism that looks different from the adult form
- medusa
- motile, bell shaped body with mouth on the bottom (jellyfish)
- gastrovascular cavity
- a digestive chamber with one opening, that food enters and wastes leave through (cnidarians)
- nerve net
- loosely organized network of nerve cells that together allow cnidarians to detect stiimuli (jellyfish)
- hydrostatic skeleton
- layer of muscles that together with the water in the gastrovascular cavity, enable the cnidarian to move
- cnidocyte
- stinging cells located in the tentacles
- nematocyst
- poison filled, stinging structure; contains a tightly coiled dart (rings) in tentacles used to defend
- acoelomate
- doesn't have a coelom
- coelom
- contains the organs of an animal. body cavity that is lined with tissue derived from mesoderm (roundworms=pseudocoelom; earthworms=true)
- pharynx
- section of the digestive system that extends from the mouth (flatworms)
- flame cell
- hollow cell in the excretory system that contains cilia that help to propel waste into excretory tubes (flatworms)
- hermaphrodite
- organism having both female and male reproductive parts
- scolex
- head of a tapeworm
- proglottid
- segment of a tapeworm
- pseudocoelom
- false coelom (roundworm)
- crop
- where food stored (earthworms/annelids or birds)
- gizzard
- where food ground into smaller pieces
- closed circulation
- blood is contained within a network of blood vessels
- nephridium
- excretory organs that filter fluid in the coelom (ammonia)
- clitellum
- band of thinckened, specialized segments, secretes a mucus ring into which eggs and sperm are released
- trocophore
- free swimming larval stage of aquatic mollusks
- mantle
- thin layer of tissue that covers most of a mollusk's body
- visceral mass
- area beneath the mantle of a mollusk that contains the inner organs
- radula
- flexible, tongue shaped structure in which hundreds of tiny teeth are attached that helps snails and slugs feed
- siphon
- tube like structure through which water enters and leaves a mollusks' body
- open circulation
- blood isn't always contained within a network of blood vessels
- pheromone
- specific chemical messenger that affects the behavior or developmet of other individuals of the same species
- exoskeleton
- tough extenal covering that protects and supports the body of many invertebrates
- endoskeleton
- inside skeleton
- appendage
- structures such as legs and antennae that ext3end from the body wall
- trachael tube
- one of the many branching, air filled tubes that extends throughout the bodies of many terrestrial arthropods
- spiracle
- air enters and leaves these small openings along the side of the body
- book lung
- organ that has layers of respiratory tissue stacked like the pages of a book. (arthropods)
- Malpighian tubule
- saclike organs that extract wastes fromt he blood and then add them to feces, or digestivee wastes, that move through the gut
- molting
- process in which arthropods shed its exoskeleton and manufactures a larger one to take its place
- cephalothorax
- region formed when the head is fused with the thorax (arthropods)
- abdomen
- posterior part of the arthropods body (back)
- carapace
- part of the exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax
- mandible
- mouth part adapted for biting and grinding food (arthropods)
- cheliped
- claws on lobsters (arthropods) first pair of legs
- swimmerets
- flipperlike appendages used for swiming
- pedipalp
- pair of mouthparts in a chelicerate (arthropods/spiders)used to grab prey
- spinneret
- organ in spiders that contain silk glands (arthropods)
- metamorphosis
- process of changing shape and form. (insects)
- nymph
- immature form (incomplete metamorphosis)lack functional sexual organs and other adult structures, like wings
- pupa
- stage of metamorphosis in which an insect changes from larva to an adult
- water vascular system
- system of internal tubes in echinoderms
- chordate
- has a dorsal (hollow nerve cord), a notochord, pharyngleal pouches, and tail that extends beyond the anus
- notochord
- long suppporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve chord. (embyro) (chordate)
- pharyngeal pouches
- paired structures in the throat region (chordate)
- vertabrae
- individual segments in a backbone
- ventricle
- lower chamber of the heart that pumps the blood out of the heart
- cartilage
- strong connective tissue that supports tthe body and is softer and more flexible than bone
- cerebrum
- area of the brain responsible for all voluntary acitivities of the body (thinking)
- cerebellum
- region of the brain that controls body momements
- medulla oblongata
- area of the brain that controls the functions of many internal organs
- lateral line system
- sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water
- swim bladder
- internal gas-filled organ in many bony fishes that adjusts their bouyancy
- oviparous
- eggs hatch outside the mothers body
- ovoviviparous
- animals whose young are born alive after developing in eggs inside the mother's body (sharks)
- viviparous
- nourished directly from the mother's body as they develop
- cloaca
- muscular cavity at the end of the large instestine through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body
- nictitating membrane
- movable transparent membrane in amphibians located inside the regular eyelid; protects the surface of the eye from damage under water and keeps it moist on land
- tympanic membrane
- eardrum of amphibians inside the skull; vibrates in response to sound allowing hearing
- ecotherm
-
rely on behavior to help control body temperature
(warm up=sun) - amniotic egg
- egg composed of shell and membranes that create a protected environment in which the embryo can develop out of the water
- air sac
- inhaled air enters here, creates ONE WAY air flow in birds
- monotreme
- egg laying mammals
- marsupial
- mammals bearing live young that usually complete development in an external pouch
- placenta
- an organ in which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes are exchangedefficiently between the embryo and it's mother
- binocular vision
- ability to merge visual images from both eyes, 3D
- anthropoid
- human-like primates
- prehensile
- limb that can grasp
- hominoid
- great apes (old)
- hominid
- modern humans and their extinct relatives
- bipedal
- two-foot locomotion
- opposable thumb
- a digit which evolved in the hominid family, enabled grasping objects and using tools
- alveolus
- thousands of bubblelike structures in the lungs of mammals
- behavior
- way an organism reacts to changes
- stimulus
- signal that carries information and can be detected
- response
- reaction to a stimulus
- innate behavior
- instinct
- learning
- acquired behavior
- habituation
- process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms the animal
- classical conditioning
- making a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment
- operant conditioning
- animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice in order to get a reward
- insight learning
- reasoning
- imprinting
- animals with their mothers, ect.
- migration
- periodic movement from one place to another and then back again
- circadian rhythem
- behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns (sleep at night)
- courtship
- when an individual sends out stimuli in order to attract a member of the opposite sex
- aggresion
- threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another