Health Vocab Chapter 15
Terms
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- includes the bones in your head, your breastbone, your ribs, and the bones in your backbone
- Axial Skeleton
- all the other bones in your body
- Appendicular Skeleton
- the thick, hard part of the skull that encloses the brain and protects it
- Cranium
- the 33 bones that make up the spinal column
- Vertebrae
- tough, supportive tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone that separates individual vertebrae from each other
- Cartilage
- the point at which two bones come together
- Joint
- strong, fibrous bands that hold bones together at movable joints and prevent them from popping apart
- Ligaments
- the fluid secreted by membranes around a joint that lubricates the joint and reduces wear on the bones
- Synovial Fluid
- the tough membrane that covers bones and contains cells that form new bone during growth and repair
- Periosteum
- the soft tissue that fills the spaces inside bones
- Marrow
- the process by which cartilage is replaced by bone
- Ossification
- a break in a bone
- Fracture
- when the ends of the bones are forced out of their normal positions in a joint
- Dislocation
- consists of overstretched or torn ligaments or tendons
- Sprain
- a serious damage to the cartilage that covers the ends of bones in a joint
- Torn Cartilage
- a painful irritation of a bursa (a fluid-filled sac that cushions certain joints and tendons)
- Bursitis
- when the joints become painful and swollen
- Arthritis
- an abnormal curvature of the spine
- Scoliosis
- a condition in which bones become weak and break easily
- Osteoporosis
- voluntary muscle attached to the bones of the skeleton
- Skeletal Muscle
- thick strands of connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones
- Tendons
- involuntary muscle that works automatically to control movements inside the body such as those involved in breathing and digestion
- Smooth Muscle
- involuntary muscle found only in the heart
- Cardiac Muscle
- the slight, constant contraction of a muscle that is due to the contraction of some of its fibers
- Muscle Tone
- a waste product that sometimes accumulates in muscles after very intense exercise
- Lactic Acid
- a painful irritation of a tendon
- Tendonitis
- a condition in which the muscles gradually become weaker and weaker because the muscle fibers are slowly destroyed
- Muscular Dystrophy
- the basic cell of the nervous system
- Neuron
- short, branching fibers that carry nerve impulses toward the cell body
- Dendrites
- long, thin fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body
- Axon
- a fatty material that insulates the axon and increases the speed at which an impulse travels
- Myelin
- the space between an axon and the structure with which the neuron communicates
- Synapse
- pick up information about your external and internal environment from your sense organs and your body
- Sensory Neurons
- send impulses to your muscles and glands, causing them to react
- Motor Neurons
- pass impulses from one neuron to another and are located only in the brain and spinal cord
- Interneurons
- the brain and spinal cord
- Central Nervous System
- all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body
- Peripheral Nervous System
- a moist, spongy organ that is made of billions of neurons that control almost everything you do and experience
- Brain
- three layers of membranes that cover the brain and give it further protection
- Meninges
- a liquid found between the middle and inner meninges and in certain spaces within the brain and spinal cord
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- large upper region of the brain
- Cerebrum
- coordinates the contraction of your muscles
- Cerebellum
- the area of the brain below the cerebellum at the base of the skull, it controls heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure
- Brainstem
- a relay station or the senses, receiving impulses from sense organs and modifying them before they reach the cerebrum
- Thalamus
- regulates body temperature, sleep, water balance, and blood pressure
- Hypothalamus
- nerve tissue that extends from the brain down the back to just below the ribs
- Spinal Cord
- 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain
- Cranial Nerves
- 31 pairs of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord, passing through openings in the vertebrae
- Spinal Nerves
- responsible for actions that you can control
- Somatic Nervous System
- regulates actions that happen automatically, without your thinking about them; heartbeat/breathing rate/digestion
- Automatic Nervous System
- an automatic response of the nervous system to the environment
- Reflex
- a short loss of consciousness following a severe bump to the head, during which the soft brain tissue comes into contact with the skull
- Concussion
- a prolonged period of deep unconsciousness
- Coma
- the loss of the ability to move some part of the body
- Paralysis
- paralysis of the body from the neck down, including the arms and legs
- Quadriplegia
- paralysis of the lower body and legs, usually the effect of an injuring to the lower part of the spinal cord
- Paraplegia
- an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
- Meningitis
- an infection of the central nervous system that, if left untreated, is fatal
- Rabies
- especially severe headaches that usually last a long time
- Migraine Headaches
- nervous system damage that occurs before, during, or shortly after a birth
- Cerebral Palsy
- a condition caused when the impulses produced by the brain become disturbed
- Epilepsy
- the result of a sudden storm of brain activity
- Seizure
- a condition in which patches of myelin are slowly destroyed
- Multiple Sclerosis