system path neuro
Terms
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Often due to a tear in the middle meningeal artery
above the dura - Epidural hematoma
- Blunt trauma with tearing of bridging veins
- Subdural hematoma
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Bruise of the cortical surface with hemorrhagic necrosis
coup vs contracoup - Contusion
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Permanent injury leading to fibrosis; cerebral edema
- Contusion
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Transient loss of consciousness after non-penetrating blunt trauma
- concussion
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Obstruction to the flow of CSF leads to dilation of ventricles by accumulated CSF.
Obstruction within ventricle: non-communicating
- HYDROCEPHALUS
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Enlarged ventricle due to
- HYDROCEPHALUS
- represent abnormal waves of depolarization in various brain regions
- seizure
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Developmental arterial defects occurring at branch points
- Berry aneurysm
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Ballooning of weakened arterial wall under the influence of intravascular pressure
- Aneurysm
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Parkinson disease
AML (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
Huntington disease
Alzheimer disease - degenerative disorders
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Destruction of dopaminergic cells in Substantia Nigra (extrapyramidal system to basal ganglia)
Muscular cogwheel rigidity
Mask-like face
tremor at rest - Parkinson\'s Disease
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Chronic, multi-focal white matter inflammation, demyelination, and scarring.
EBV, HSV6 - Multiple sclerosis
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Degenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons (ventral horn, brainstem motor nuclei, UMN of cerebral cortex)
Progressive weakness and wasting of extremities and eventually respiratory muscles
- ALS Lou Gehrig’s Disease
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Foot drop, weakness in leg, feet or ankles
Hand weakness / diminished control
Slurred speech or trouble swallowing
Upper extremity muscle cramps and twitching, also in tongue
Muscles become weaker until paralyzed⬦ eventually affecting che - ALS Lou Gehrig’s Disease
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Autosomal dominant (chromosome 4)
Abnormal gene product throughout body and nervous system
Destruction and atrophy of caudate nucleus (basal ganglia) resulting in: (usually > age 40)
- Huntington Disease
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Progressive degenerative disease leading to cerebral atrophy
Characteristics:
neuritic plaques:
amyloid (Aß) protein
neurofibrillary tangles:
abnormally phosphorylated tau protein
Granulovacuolar degeneration
- Alzheimers Disease
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Chronic, multi-focal white matter inflammation, demyelination, and scarring
Primary disorder within myelin-producing oligodendrocyte cells
Plaques deposited everywhere
Schwann cell - Multiple Sclerosis
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Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
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Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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immune-mediated processes
Progressive symmetric ascending muscle weakness, paralysis, and hyporeflexia +/- sensory or autonomic symptoms
Most common cause of flaccid paralysis - Guillain-Barre GBS
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ganglioside-like epitopes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer of some infectious agents cross-react with ganglioside surface molecules of peripheral nerves
- Guillain-Barre GBS
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Auto-antibodies to acetylcholine (ACh) nicotinic postsynaptic receptors at myoneural junction
Reduced number of ACh receptors results in progressively reduced muscle strength with repeated use of the muscle and recovery of muscle strength following a p - Myasthenia Gravis
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Muscle weakness
Begins in legs and pelvis; less severe in arms, neck, other areas
Difficulty with motor skills (running, hopping, jumping)
Frequent falls
Progressive difficulty walking
Ability to walk may be lost by age 12
- Duchenne Muscular dystrophy
- Chronic demyelinating motor-sensory neuropathy with decreased nerve conduction velocity (NCV
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
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Arise from arachnoid
Symptoms relate to space occupying nature (i.e., compression)
20% of all intracranial tumors
Round, firm, well circumscribed
- Meningiomas