Aphasia
Terms
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-An aquired disorder of lang. processing secondary to brain disease or injury.
- Excludes developmental, congenital, motor speech or artic. lang. disorders and impaired thought processes - Aphasia
- verbal and writing
- Expressive
- Aud. comp and reading
- Receptive
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-Differ in length and diameter and may be a few milimeters to several feet long
-longer are are larger in diameter due to more____laid down on it - Axons, myelin
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-Electrochemical impulses from 1 neron to another
-takes place on the synapse
-often the axon of 1 neuron connects w/ the dendrites of another - Neural Transmission
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Chemical substances that may be transferred from 1 neuron to another
-dopamine, acetocholine - Neurotransmitter
- A cluster of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord
- Nucleus
- Cluster of nerve cells outside of the brain
- Ganglion
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-size of a grapfruit
-1250 grams
-cortex is 3 to 5 milli.
-R/L hemispheres - Brain
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Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing clusters of nerve cells bodies.
-3 to 5 milli. thick
-covers entire surface of the cerebellum - Gray matter
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Axonal bundles in CNS.
Postmordum looks cream colored - White matter
- Integrated circuitry or network in the brain
- Speech
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1965
Prposed brain having diff. areas connected by white matter - Norma Geswhind
- Traditional lesion site of Aphasia
- White matter (arcuate fasciculus)
- Abnormal repitition impairment
- White matter area between Broca's and Weirnickes may be disturbed
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Masses of gray matter in the depth of the crebral hemispheres
- role in regulation of motor activities - Basal ganglia
- *underneath
- subcortical
- Associated with procedural memory and PArkinson's
- Basal Ganglia
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Controlled by basal ganglia
-controls the smoothness of movement
-Voluntary motor activity is regulated, modulated, modified, sped up or down, increased or decreased in amplitude - Extrapyramidal System
- Inner part of brain that lies between cerebral hemispheres
- Diencephalon
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Collection of subcortical nuclei
-works with evaluating incoming sensory signals before directing to the cortex - Thalamus
- Sensorimotor Relay Center
- Thalamus
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-Important for attention along with the Reticular Activiating System (RAS)
-Imp. fpr persons in unconsiousness - Thalamus
- Recieves info. from the Thalamus and activates the muscles
- Pyramidal System
- Characterized by increasing or decreasing thresholds for sensations of touch, pain and temperature on the contralateral 1/2 of the body
- Thalamic Syndrome
- Increased rate
- Hypokinetic disarthria
- Clusters of nueral cells (gray matter) under cortical
- Subcortical
- Diencephalon parts:
- Hippocampus, Amygdala
- Largest of the venticles
- Lateral ventricle
- Motor strip
- Homunculus
- Relays info. to different cortical areas
- Thalamus
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ASsociated with social behavior, personality
-damage may result in disinhibition - Orbitofrontal area of the frontal lobe
- Central site for neuroendocrine production and composed various metabolic activities such as water, balance, sugar, fat metabolism and body temperature
- Hypothalamus
- Types of cranial nerves:
- Efferent and afferant
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-Motor*
Activates muscles derived from somites. Includes skeletal, extrocular and glossal mucles - efferent cranial nerves
- Most attach to the brain stem
- Cranial nerves
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Nerves that project to muscles of visceral organs
-reg. of heart and tracheal muscles - General visceral efferent
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*Sensory
Nerves that mediate sensory innervations from somatic muscles, skin, ligaments and joints - General afferenet
- Nerves that mediate sensory innervation from visceral organs including the larynx
- General visceral
- Responsible for innervating coordination
- Cerebellum
- Divide the brain into 4 sections
- Fissures
- Fissure where temporal lobe lies beside and below
- Sylvian fissure
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Fissure that is downward and forward from the top of the brain just past it's midpoint almost to the Sylvian fissure
-Frontal lobe is in fornt of it - Rolanic Fissure
- Fluent stroke lesions are:
- posterior to Rolandic fissure
- Nonfluent stroke lesions are:
- anterior to the Rolandic fissure
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-largest of 4 lobes
-anterior to the Rolandic fissure and superior to the Sylvian fissure
-larger in humans
-uniquly human - Frontal lobe
- areas that work together to control willed movements on the body opposite to the hemisphere
- Sensorimotor strip
- Sends messages to the muscles via the pyramidal system
- Sensorimotr strip
- Extrapyramidal system parts:
- premotor frontal cortex, subcortical grey matter, cerebellum, vestibular system
- Responsible for initiation of motor activity
- Supplementary motor cortex
- Responsible for synthesizing sensory stimuli from the brain and coordinating into action
- Frontal premotor association cortex
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Important for working memory and executive function
-linked with motor planning , hypothesis generation and set shifting - Dorsilateral (subdivision of frontal lobe)
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Associated with social behavior and personality
-damage= disinhibition - Orbitofrontal (sub. of frontal lobe)
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Associated with arousal and motivation
-deeper in frontal lobe
-damage= picture of apathy - Medial frontal (sub of frontal lobe)
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Have many connections with subcortical areas such as the caudate nucleus, globus palidus and substantia nigra (Thalamus)
-Damage resembles Thalmus and white matter damage symptoms - Frontal subcortical circuits
- Responsible for hearing and auditory comp
- Temporal lobe
- Aud. comp involves:
- Multiple cortic-cortical and subcortical associations
- Primarily for perception and elaboration of somesthetic sensations: body awareness, touch, pressure, position in space
- Parietal Lobe
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Responsible for vision
-optic nerve travels to the thalamus and then to the primary visual cortex - Occipital Lobe
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Mediated emotion
-includes: uncus, paro-hippocampus gyrus, fornix, cingulate gyrus and mammillary glands
-connected to the hypothalamus, amygdala and frontal association cortex - Limbic system
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-the L hemisphere
-supplied by middle cerebral artery (MCA)
-surrounded by Sylvian Fissure - Zone for Language
- zone for language includes:
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portions of frontal,parietal, temporal lobes, Broca's and Weirnicke's areas
-also includes subcortical white matter pathways such as the arcuate fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus