Human Body Chapter 1
Terms
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- Anatomy
- the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another
- Physiology
- the study of how the body and it's parts work or function
- Atoms
- tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules (such as water, sugar, and protiens)
- Cells
- the smallest units of all living things
- Tissues
- consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function
- Organ
- a structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function of the body
- Organ System
- group of organes that cooperate to accomplish a commmon purpose
- Organism
- represents the highest level of structural organization, organismal level.
- Organ Systems
-
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive - Levels of Structural Organization
-
Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organismal Level - Integumentary System
- Forms the external body covering; pretects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of the cutaneous receptors; and sweat and oil glands
- Skeletal System
- Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals
- Muscular System
- Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat
- Nervous System
- Fast-acting control stystem of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
- Endocrine System
- Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
- Cardiovascular System
- Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps the blood
- Lymphatic System
- Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity
- Respiratory System
- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
- Digestive System
- Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffsare eliminated as feces
- Urinary System
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
- Reproductive System
- Overall function is production of offspring.
- Necessary Life Functions
-
Movement
Responsiveness or Irritability
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth - Homeostasis
-
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
Must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life - abdominal
- anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
- acromial
- point of shoulder
- antecubital
- anterior surface of elbow
- axillary
- armpit
- brachial
- arm
- buccal
- cheek area
- carpal
- wrist
- cervical
- neck region
- coxal
- hip
- crural
- leg
- digital
- fingers, toes
- femoral
- thigh
- fibular
- lateral part of the leg
- inguinal
- area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
- nasal
- nose area
- oral
- mouth
- orbital
- eye area
- patellar
- anterior kneww
- pelvic
- area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
- pubic
- genital region
- sternal
- breastbone area
- tarsal
- ankle region
- thoracic
- chest
- umbilical
- navel
- calcaneal
- heel of foot
- cephalic
- head
- deltoid
- curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
- gluteal
- buttock
- lumbar
- area of back between ribs and hips
- occipital
- posterior surface of head
- olecranal
- posterior knee area
- popliteal
- posterior knee area
- sacral
- area between hips
- scapular
- shoulder blade region
- sural
- the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
- vertebral
- area of spine
- plantar region
- sole of foot
- Superior (Cranial or cephalad)
- toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
- Inferior (Caudal)
- Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
- Anterior (Ventral)
- Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
- Posterior (Dorsal)
- Toward or at the backside of the body; behind
- Medial
- Toward or at the midline of the bodyl on the inner side of
- Lateral
- Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
- Intermediate
- Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
- Proximal
- Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- Distal
- Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- Superficial (External)
- Toward or at the body surface
- Deep (internal)
- Away from the body surface; more internal
- sagittal section
- cut made along the lengthwise plane of the body, dividing the body into left and right parts
- midsagittal section
- cut made lengthwise down the plane of the body and left and right parts are equal in size
-
frontal section
Coronal section - cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
-
transverse section
cross section - cut made along a horizontal plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
- Dorsal body cavity
-
Two subdivisions:
Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cavity - Cranial Cavity
- space inside the bony skull
- spinal cavity
-
extends from cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column
(Spinal cord, which is a continuation of the brain, is protected by the vertebrae, which surround the spinal cavity) - Ventral Body Cavity
- contains all structures within the chest and abdomen
- Thoracic Cavity
- separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome shaped muscle (the diaphragm)
- mediastinum
- separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity
- abdominopelvic cavity
-
cavity inferior to diaphragm
contains the abdominal and the pelvic cavities (which do not actually have a physical divider) - abdominal cavity
- contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs
- pelvic cavity
- contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
-
Name 9 Regions -
1:Right Hypochondriac Region; 2:Right Lumbar Region;
3:Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region;
4:Epigastric Region; 5:Unbilical Region; 6:Hypogastric (Pubic) Region;
7:Left Hypochondriac Region; 8:Left Lumbar Region;
9:Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region. -
Name 9 Regions -
1:Right Hypochondriac Region; 2:Right Lumbar Region;
3:Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region;
4:Epigastric Region; 5:Unbilical Region; 6:Hypogastric (Pubic) Region;
7:Left Hypochondriac Region; 8:Left Lumbar Region;
9:Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region. -
Name Blank Body Cavities -
Answer: -
Structural Organisation:
What are the 5 levels of SO? -
1. Chemical ( smallest)
2. Tissue ( SImilar cells with common function
3. Organ ( 2-4 Tissues working together for specific Function e.g.: Stomach
4. Organ System - many organs e.g.: Digestive
5. Organism. ( The whole body and systems) - Define Physiology
- The function of the body- how body parts work and carry out life sustaining activities
- Define Anatomy
- Structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
- How does negative feedback work in Homeostasis?
- Shuts off original effect or lowers intensity e.g.: Regulating body temp in cold weather, withdrawal complex
- How does Positive feedback working homeostasis?
- Enhances/accelerates original stimulant : Labor contractions