Aphasia, Cognitive/Linguistic Comm Dis
Terms
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- What are the subdivisions of the frontal lobe and what are they associated with?
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Orbitofrontal: Social Bx, Personality
Medial Frontal: Arousal, Motivation -
T/F
The frontal lobe has many connections with subcortical areas, therefore damage to the subcortical areas may also present similar clinical symptoms. - True
- What is the ability to maintain a coherent line of thought or action?
- Attention
- What is the degree of wakefulness or level of consciousness?
- Arousal
- What are the 3 mental operations involved in moving attention from one location to another?
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1. Disengagement of attn from its current focus (parietal lobe engagement)
2. Moving attn to another location (midbrain engagement)
3. Engaging attn at that location (frontal-diencephalon system) - What are the 5 models of attention?
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1. Focused
2. Sustained
3. Divided
4. Selective
5. Alternating - What is the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or single tasks with multiple task demands?
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Divided attention (multi-tasking)
-Associated with frontal lobes - What is a localized bx response to internal sensations (pain, temp, thirst, hunger, discomfort) and/or external sensations (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, gustatory, olfactory)?
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Focused attn
-lowest form of attn - What is the ability to shift one's attn back and forth b/t tasks or from one task to the next?
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Alternating attn
-associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (bilaterally) - What is selective attention?
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The ability to maintain a behavioral response to an activity in the face of distracting internal (irrelevant thoughts) or external stimuli. One has to selectively attend to relevant info and inhibit irrelevant info.
-Right frontal lobe particularly involved.
-Able to tune out distractions - What is sustained attention?
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The ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during a continuous activity that is specifically related to that activity.
-Can you stay on task for a period of time?
Events occur slowly and vigilance is required.
Associated particularly with the right prefrontal cortex. - What kind of negative affects occur with older adult's attention?
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-Fatiguing elements (extended vigiliance)
-Increasing memory demands
-Task complexity
-Time pressure
-Not personally relevant - What is memory?
- Stored knowledge and the process of manipulating and retrieving knowledge.
- What is the expression of memory influenced by?
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-Attention
-Motivation
-Rehearsal
-Fatigue and other factors - What plays an active role in concurrent info processing and storage activities, and involves large bilateral portions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex?
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Working Memory (Short-term memory)
-Ability to hear something, temporarily hold it, retrieve it, and respond. - What is responsible for the selection and execution of strategies for maintaining and shifting attention, coordinating and manipulating information?
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The Central Executive System
-Encode, consolodate, retrieve - What are the two "Slave Systems" of the Central Executive System?
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1. Verbal System
2. Spatial Sketchpad - What is a phonological loop that acts as a brief acoustic store with an articulatory rehearsal mechanism?
- The Verbal System
- What is the Spatial Sketchpad?
- Stores and manipulates nonverbal spatial representations.
- When does working memory begin to decline and what are some hypotheses why?
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-Declines noted > 70 yr
-Hypotheses:
-Change in speed of cognitive processing
-Can't inhibit irrelevant info, therefore more susceptible to interference]
-Ineffective association techniques such as visual imagery and sentence formation -
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What are the two types of Long Term Memory? -
Declarative (Explicit) Memory
Procedural (Implicit) Memory - What is Declarative Memory?
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-Memory you DECLARE
-Ability to consciously recollect facts, names or events when needed
-Conscious Learning (i.e., remembering someone's name)
-Includes episodic memory, concepts (semantic) memory and word (lexical) memory -
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What type of long term memory is largely the hippocampus? - Declarative Memory
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What type of long term memory is largely the Basal Ganglia? - Procedural Memory
- What happens to speech when episodic memory is poor?
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-Can't remember what they have just done
-Difficulty remaining on topic
-Fragmented Speech
-Lack of cohesion, vague - What is Episodic Memory?
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-Factual knowledge of events or episodes
-Recollection of conscious experiences from personal past
-Involves both recall and recognition
-Hippocampus and projections to temporal and frontal lobes -
With Parkinson's Disease, there is a _______ Memory deficit, but ______ Memory still in tact.
With Alzheimer's Disease, the _____ Memory is still in tact, but there is a deficit with _____ Memory. -
(Both sentences)
Procedural, Declarative - Why do you remember emotional events more?
- Explicit (Declarative) memory goes from the hippocampus and ends at the amigdala, which deals with emotion.
- What is Concepts (Semantic) Memory?
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-Sum total of our knowledge (facts about the world, meaning of words and concepts)
-Structures surrounding the hippocampus are critical for new semantic memory
-storage appears to involve the lateral temporal lobes in the form of a distributed network (Strength of Connections) - What happens to speech when there is impaired conceptual memory?
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-Speech is empty: lack of content words
-Bizarre content
-Poor understanding - What happens to speech when your memory for wods is impaired?
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Dysnomia
-Word finding problems
-Decreased Vocabulary
-Redundant words - What type of long term memory is contained within learned skills or modifiable cognitive operations?
- Procedural (Implicit) Memory
- What is remote memory?
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-Memory of our distant past
-Reminiscence bump: Memories of our teen years and early adult years seem to be most resilient to decay - What is proactive interference?
- What you've learned before interferes with what you're trying to remember now
- What is Retroactive interference?
- Info you've just learned interferes with ability to remember previous info
- Memory: ________, rather than ________ is most effected by age.
- Retrieval, encoding (storage)
- What is the ability to recognize and monitor one's own memory capabilities and effectiveness?
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Metamemory
-Frequently impaired with frontal lobe injury - What is Retrospective memory?
- Ability to remember past events
- What is the ability to remember upcoming events?
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Prospective Memory
-people with this impairment rely on prosthetic systems like appt books, reminders from others, or electronic reminder systems - What are the memory processes? (x3)
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-Encoding: organization or manipulation of incoming info
-Consolidation: process whereby a memory is transferred for later retrieval, resistant to disruption
-Retrieval, recollection, recall: Ability to access from long term storage - When forming memory, which is the active organization or manipulation of incoming information?
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Encoding (Acquisition)
-Taking notes, underlining, visualizing, relating to situations
-Can be impaired with depression, ADDs - What type of memories typically are the last to be affected by brain damage?
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Procedural memories
-Pt's with otherwise poor memory are able to perform previously learned routine activities. - Why does a frontal lobe injury result in poor recall?
- Encodes very passively
- What is memory consolidation?
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-Can mean the process whereby a memory is transferred for later retrieval
-Can mean the process by which memory becomes resistant to disruption by an amnesic agent
-Can continue for a long time
-Has no fixed lifetime
-Medial temporal system is less involved or not involved - What is executive function?
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-Allows one to operate in a regulates fashion beyond that of instinct, habit, or impulse
-The ability to project action into internal or external environments
->Ability to act above and beyond basic instincts
->Ability to have goal-directed bx and figure out steps to accomplish that goal (or re-work one's strategy if not succeeding) - What is a person like if their executive functioning is impaired?
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-Concrete thinker
-Egocentric
-Impulsive
-Child-like
-Volatile
-Socially inappropriate
-Aggressive
-Impatient
-Nonreflective
-Nonstrategic
-Disorganized
-Inattentive
-Inflexible - What is Rehearsal?
- Repetition to facilitate recall
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Operationally, what is executive function? -
-Ability to know self strengths and limitationsa
-Ability to set realistic goals
-Ability to plan and organize bx designed to achieve the goals
-Ability to initiate bx toward achieving goals and inhibit bx incompatible with achieving goals (Brain Dmged ppl can't do this)
-Ability to monitor and evaluate performance
-Ability to flexibly revise plans and strategically solve problems in the event of difficulty and failure - Where in the brain is executive function carried out?
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-Prefrontal tissue (dorsolateral prefrontal)
-Limbic Regions
-Interconnections b/t these areas - What are the domains in linguistic/cognitive evaluation and therapy?
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-Attention and Concentration Skills
-Visuospatial Skills
-Memory Tasks
-Executive Fxning
-Orientation to person, place, time
-Reasoning, judgment, problem solving