A&P Chapter 9:Muscle and Muscle tissues
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
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T or F
muscle tissues make up half of the body's mass - true
- What is the most distingusihing functionial characterisic of muscles?
- is thier ability to transform chemical energy into directed mechanical energy
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NAME
is thier ability to transform chemical energy into directed mechanical energy - muscles
- What are the three types of muscles?
- (1)skeletal (2)cardiac (3)smooth
- What are muscle fibers?
- are skeletal and smooth muscles cells that are elongated
-
NAME
are skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated - muscle fibers
- What do muscle contractions depend on?
- two kingds of myofilaments
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NAME
depends on two kinds of myofilaments - muscle contractions
- What do the prefixes, myo, mys, or sacro, refer to?
- muscle
- What are the different prefixes that refer to muscles? (3)
- (1)myo (2)mys (3)sacro
- What is skeletal muscle tissue?
- is packaged skeletal muscles
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NAME
is packaged skeletal muscles - skeletal muscle tissue
- What are skeletal muscles?
- are organs that attach to and cover the bony skeleton
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NAME
are organs that attach to and cover the bony skeleton - skeletal muscles
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NAME
are the longest muscle cells - skeletal muscle fibers
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NAME
these muscles have striations and can be controled voluntary - skeletal muscle fibers
- Skeletal muscle fibers have (1) and can be controled (2)
- (1)striations (2)voluntaru
- Which muscle fiber cells are the longest?
- skeletal
- What are striations?
- are repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands
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NAME
are obvious stripes on skeletal and cardaic muscle cells - striations
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NAME
this muscle is the only type subject to ctronolled to conscious control - skeletal muscle
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NAME
these muscles are responsible for overall body mobility - skeletal muscle
- What is cardiac muscle tissues?
- occurs only in the heart where it constitutes the bulk of the heart walls
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NAME
ocurs only in the heart where it constitutes the bulk of the heart walls - cardiac muscle tissues
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NAME
this muscle is striated and is not voluntary - cardiac muscle tissues
- What is smooth muscle tissues?
- is found in the walls of hollow visceral organs such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiartory passages
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NAME
is found in the walls of the hollow visceral organs such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages - smooth muscle tissues
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NAME
this muscle has no striations and is not voluntary - smooth muscles
- Do smooth muscles have striations?
- no
- Which muscle are the involunatry muscles?
- (1)smooth (2)cardiac
- what are the functions of the smooth muscles?
- to force fluids and other substances through internal body channels
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NAME
the role of this muscle tissue is to force fluids and other substances through internal body channels - smooth muscles
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NAME
this muscle is described as being visceral, nonstriated, and involuntary - smooth muscle tissue
- What are (4) functional characteristics of muscle tissue?
- (1)exictibalilty (2)Contractility (3)ectensibility (4)elasticity
- What is exicability?
- is the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
- What is a stimulus?
- is any change in a environment whether inside or outside the body
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NAME
is an change in the environment whether inside or outside the body - stimulus
-
NAME
is the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus - exicability
- What is contractility?
- is the ability to shorten forcibly when adeuqatley stimualted
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NAME
is the ability to shorten forcibly when adququatly streched - contractility
- What is extensibility?
- is the ability to be streched or extended
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NAME
is the ability to be streched or extened - extensibility
- What is elascticity?
- is the ability of muscle fibers to recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched
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NAME
is the ability of muscle fibers to recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched - elascticity
- Muscle fibers (1) when contracting
- shorten
- What are four important functions for the muscles? (4)
- (1)movement (2)maintains posture (3)stabilizes joints (4)generates heat
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NAME
there main imporant functions are movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and generates heat - muscles
- Just about all movements of the human body and its parts are a result of a (1)
- muscle contraction
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NAME
these muscles are responsible for all locomotion and manipulation - skeletal muscles
- Skeletal muscles are responsible for all (1) and (2)
- (1)locomotion (2)manipulation
- Even as muscles pull on bones to cause movments, they (1) and (2) the joints of the skeleton
- stabilze and strengthen
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NAME
these are also responsible for stabilze and strenghten the skeleton and joints - muscles
- Muscles generate (1) are they contract
- heat
- Why muscles generating heat when they contract, so important?
- bc the heat is important in mantaining normal body temp
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NAME
is a descrete organ made up of several kinds of different tissues - skeletal muscles
- In general, each muscle is served by (1), an (2), and by (3)
- (1)one nerve (2)an artery (3)one or more veins
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NAME
each of these, in general, has one nerve, an artery, and one or more veins - each muscle cell
- Each skeletal muscle fiber is supplied w a (1) that controls its activity
- nerve ending
- Muscle cells also give off large amounts of (1) that must be removed throug viens if contraction is to remain efficient
- metabolic wastes
- individual muscle fibers are wrapped and held together by several different (1)
- connective tissue sheaths
- What holds indivdual muscle fibers together?
- by connective tissue sheaths
- What do the connective tissue sheaths do for the muscle fibers?
- support each cell and reinforce the muscle as whole
- What are the different connective tissue sheaths of muscle fibers? (3)
- (1)endomysium (2)Perimysium and fascicles (3) epimysium
- What is Endomysium?
- is a fine sheath of connective tissue consisting of mostly reticular fibers that surrounds each individual muscle fiber
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NAME
is a fine sheath of connective tissue consisting of mostly reticular fibers that surrounds each indivdiual muscle fibers - endomysium
- What are the different connective sheaths of musle fibers in order from internal to external? (3)
- (1)endomysium (2)Perimysium and fascicles (3) epimysium
- What are fasicles?
- resemble bundles of sticks that are groups of wrapped endomysium within each skeletal muscle
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NAME
resemble bundles of sticks that are groups of wrapped endomysium within each skeletal muscle - fasicles
- What are perimysium?
- is a layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle
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NAME
is a layer of fibrous connectve tissue that surrounds each fascicle - perimysium
- What is epimysium?
- is an "overcoat" of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the whole muscle
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NAME
is an "overcoat" of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the whole muscle - epimysium
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T or F
all of the connective tissue sheaths are continous with one another - true
- When each muscle fiber contracts, they pull on (1) which in turn (2)
- (1)connective sheaths (2)transmit the pulling force to the bone to be moved
- Connective sheaths also contribute to the (1) of muscle tissue
- natural elasticity
- Most skeletal muscles span joints and are atatched to (1) in at least two places
- bones
- What happens when the muscle contracts?
- the muscles insertion moves toward the orgin
- What are the differ muscle attachments?
- (1)indirect (2)direct
- Direct muscle attachments are called (1)
- fleshy attachments
- (1) muscle attachments are also called fleshy attachments
- direct
- What is a direct muscle attachment?
- is when the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of the bone or perichondrium of the cartilage
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NAME
refers to when the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of the bone or perichondrium of the cartilage - direct muscle attachment
- What is an indirect muscle attachment?
- is when the muscle's connective tissue wrapping's extend beyound the muscle either as a ropelike tendon or aponeurosis
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NAME
refers to when the muscle's connective tissue's wrappings extend beyound the muscle either as a ropelike tendon or aponeurosis - indirect muscle attachment
- What is aponeurosis?
- is a sheetlike tendon that anchors the muscle to the connective tissue covering of a skeletal element
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NAME
is a sheetlike tendon that anchors the muscle to the connective tissue coverings of a skeletal element - aponeurosis
- (1) attachements are more common
- indirect
- Why are indirect attachments more common?
- bc of their durabilty and small size
- Tendon (1)
- conserve space
- Each (1) is a long cylindrical cell w multiple oval nuclei arranaged just beneath its sarcolemna surface
- skeletal muscle fiber
- Each skeletal muscle fiber is a long (1)w multiple oval nuclei arranged just beneath its (2)
- (1)cylindrical cell (2)sarcolemna
- What is sarcolemna?
- is the muscle fibers of the plasma membrane
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NAME
is the muscle fibers of the plasma membrane - sarcolemma
- What is the sacroplasm?
- are the muscle fibers of the cytoplasm
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NAME
are the muscle fibers of the cyotplasm - sacroplasm
- What do sacroplasm contain? (2)
- (1)glycosomes (2)myoglobin
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NAME
contain both glysosomes and myoglobin - sacroplasm
- What is myoglobin?
- is a red pigment that stores oxygen
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NAME
is a red pigment that stores oxygen - myglobin
- What is hemoglobin?
- is a pigment that transports oxygen in the blood
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NAME
is a pigment that transports oxygen in the blood - hemoglobin
- Each muscle fiber contain a large number of rodlike (1) that run parellel to its length
- myofibrils
- What are myofibrils?
- can be found in each muscle fiber and run parellel to its length
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NAME
can be found in each muscle fiber and run parellel to its length - myofibrils
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NAME
account for 80% of a cell's volumne - myofibrils
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NAME
are repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands - striations
- What are I bands?
- are light bands evident along each myofibirl
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NAME
are light bands evident along each myofibril - I bands
- What are A bands?
- are dark bands evident along each myofibril
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NAME
are dark bands evident along each myofibril - A bands
- What is H zone?
- is a light stripe on the midsection of each band
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NAMe
is a light stripe on the midsection of each band - H zone
- What is a M line?
- is a dark line that biscets the H zone vertically
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NAME
is a dark line that biscets the H zone vertically - M line
- What is a Z disc?
- is a darker area that is a midline interruption of a I band
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NAME
is a darker area that is a midline interruption of a I band - Z disc
- What is a sarcomere?
- is the region of myofibril btwn two succseive discs
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NAME
is a region of myofibril btwn two sussescive discs - sarcomere
- What are the functional units of skeletal muscles ?
- sacromeres
- The banding pattern of myofibrils arises from two orderly arrangements of two structures: (1) and (2)
- (1)myofilaments
- What are myofilaments?
- are smaller structure inside the sacromers
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NAME
are smaller structures inside of sacromers - myofilaments
- What are the different types of myofilaments? (2)
- (1)thick (2)thin
- What are thick filaments?
- are myofilaments that extend the entire length of the A band
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NAME
are myofilaments that extend the entire length of the A band - thick filaments
- What are thin filaments?
- are myofilaments that extend across the I band and partway into the A band
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NAME
are myofilaments that extend across the I band and partway into the A band - thin filaments
- What are Z discs composed of?
- nebulin
- What is nebulin?
- is a protein that makes of the Z discs
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NAME
is a protien that makes of the Z discs - nebulin
- What makes of the thick filaments?
- myosin
- What is myosin?
- is the protien that makes of thick filaments
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NAME
are the protiens that make of thick filaments - myosin
- Describe the structure of the protien myosin?
- (1)has a rodlike tail and (2)terminating globular heads
- The heads of myosin link the thick and thin filaments to togehter during (1)
- contraction
- the heads of (1) link the thick and thin filaments to together during muscle contraction
- myosin
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NAME PROTIEN
has two globular heads and a rodlike tail - myosin
- What is the cross bridge?
- is where the myosin heads link the thick and thin filaments
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NAME
is where the myosin heads link the thick and thin filaments - cross bridge
- Desribe the portions of the thick filament (2)?
- (1) has smooth and (2)is studded with an array of myosin heads
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NAME
has smooth and is studded w an array of myosin heads - thick filament
- The heads of myosin are (1) and (2)
- (1)actin binding site (2)ATP binding sites
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NAME
these are actin binding sites and ATP binding sites - myosin
- What protien makes of thick filaments?
- actin
- What is actin?
- is a protien that makes of thick filaments
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NAME
is a protien that makes of thick filaments - actin
- What are the subunits of actin?
- G actin
- What is G actin?
- bear the active sites to which the myyosin heads attach during contraction
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NAME
bear the active sites to which the myosin heads attach during contraction - G actin
- G actin are polymerized into long actin filaments called (1)
- F actin
- What is tropomyosin?
- is a rod shaped protien that spirals about actin's core and help to stiffen it
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NAME
is a rod shaped protien that spirals about actin's core and helps to stiffen it - tropomyosin
- in a relaxed muscle, (1) they block actin's sites so that myosin heads cannot bind to thin filaments
- trpomyosin
- in a relxed muscle, tropomyosin (1)
- block actin's sites so that myosin heads cannot bind to thin filaments
- What is a troponin?
- is a 3 polypeptide complex
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NAME
is a 3 polypeptide complex - tropin
- What are two major protiens in thin filaments? (2)
- (1)tropin (2)tropomyosin
- What are the three polypeptides complexes of tropin?
- (1)TnI (2)Tnt (3)TnC
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NAME
is made up of three polypetide chains: TnI, Tnt, and TnC - tropin
- What is TnI?
- is an inhibitory subunit that binds to actin
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NAME
is an inhibitory subunit that binds to actin - TnI
- What is TnT?
- is an inhibitory subunit that binds to tropomyosin and helps to postion it on actin
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NAME
is an inhibitory subunit that binds to tropomyosin and helps to position it on actin - TnT
- What is TnC?
- is a inhibitory subunit that binds calicum ions
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NAME
is an inhibitory subunit that binds calicum ions - TnC
- What is an elastic filament?
- is composed of the protien titin
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NAME
this filament is composed of the filament titin - elastic filament
- What is titin?
- makes of elastic filaments
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NAME
is a protien that makes up elastic filament - titin
- What are the functions of titin?
- (1)holding the thick filaments in place and thus orgainazation of the A band (2)assisting the muscle cell to spring back into shape after being stretched
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NAME
this protien's function include holding the thick filaments in place thus organization of the A band (2)assisting the muscle cell to spring back into shape after being stretched - titin
- Skeletal muscle fibers contain two sets of (1)
- intracellular tubules
- What are two sets of intrcellular tubules that make up skeletal muscle fibers? (2)
- (1)the SR (2) T tubules
- What does SR stand for?
- sacroplasmic reticulum
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NAME
is elaborate smooth er - SR
- What is SR?
- is elaborate smooth er
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NAME
the intacellular tubules of this fiber are SR and T tubules - skeletal muscle fibers
- What are terminal cisternae?
- are perpendicular cross channels at the A band and I band junctions
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NAME
is a perpendicular cross channels at A band - I band junction - terminal cisternae
- What is terminal cisternae?
- is a perpendicular cross channel at A-band-I band junction
- What is the major role of the SR?
- is to regulate intracellular levels of ionic calicum
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NAME
the major role of this is regulate the intracellular levels of ionic Ca - SR
- How does the SR regulate the levels of Ca?
- by it stores Calcium and releases it on demand when the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract
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NAME
it stores Ca and releases it on demand when the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract - SR
- (1) provides the final go for muscle contraction
- Ca
- Ca provides the final go for (1)
- muscle contraction
-
NAME
an elongated tube formed by penetration of the sacromola cell at each A band-I band junction - T tubules
- What are T tubules?
- are elongated tubes formed by penetration of the sacromola cell at each A band-I band junction
- What are triads?
- are successive groupings of three membranous structures
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NAME
is the succesive groupings of three membraneous structures - triads
- What are the three susecvie groupings of traids?
- (1)T tubules (2)2 terminal cisterna
- What is muscle contraction ultimately controled by?
- nerve initated electrical impulses
- T tubules can be thought of as (1)
- rapid telegraphy system that ensures that every myofiobril in the muscle fiber contracts virtually at the same time
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NAME
these can be thought of as rapid telegraphy system that ensures that every myofiobril in the muscle fiber contracts virtually at the same time - T tubules
- What is contraction?
- refers to the activation of myosin's cross bridges
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NAME
refers to the activation of myosin's cross bridges - contraction
- How does shortening of muscle fibers ocur?
- when the tension generated on the thin filaments exceeds the forces opposing shortening
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NAME
ocurs when the tension generated on the thin filaments exceeds the forces opposing shortening - shortening of muscle fibers
- What is plate potenital?
- is a local eletrical event
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NAME
is a local eletrical event - plate potential
- Later, plate potenital can (1)
- iginte an action potiental that spreads in all directions across the sacrolema
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NAME
this can inginte an anction potential that spreads in all directions across the sarolemna - plate potenital
- What is the outside face's charge of a sacrolemna ?
- postive
- What is the inside face's charge of a sacromlemna?
- negative
- What is membrane potential?
- is the difference in charge
-
NAME
is the difference in resting potiental - membrane potential
- What is the predominant extracellular ion in the sacrolemma?
- Na
- What is the predominant intracellular ion in the polarized sacrolemma?
- k
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T or F
the sacrolemma is relatively impermeable to both ions - true
- How do sodium channels open up?
- an axonal terminal of a motor neuron releases ACH and causes a patch of the sacrolemma to become permeable to Na+
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NAME
an axonal terminal of a motor releases AcH and causes a patch of sacrolemma to become permeable to Na+ - the opening of sodium channels
- What is the depoliraztion ?
- is when Na enters the cell and the resting poteinal is decreased
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NAME
is when Na enters the cell and the resting potential is decreased - depolrization
- if the stimulus is strongh enough, (1) is intiated
- action potential
- (1) changes the permeability of the adjacent patch
- polartiy reversal of the inital patch of sacrolemma
- the polarity reversal of the inital patch of sacrolemma can (1)
- change the permeability of the adjacent patch
- bc of the reversal of polarity causing the voltage regulated Na channels to open, the adjacent patch's (1)
- depolirze
- Na channels in the sacrolemma are (1)
- voltage regulated
- The (1) travels rapidly along the sacrolemma
- action potential
- The aciton potential travels rapdily along the (1)
- sacrolemma
- once the action potential is iniated, is it stoppable?
- no
-
T or F
once initiated, the action potential is stoppable - False
- What happens once the action potential is initiated?
- the aciton potential is unstoppable and results in the contraction of a muscle
- (1) results in the contraction of a muscle
- the iniatiation of the action potential
- Immediatly after the depolirazation wave passes, the (1)
- sacrolemma permeability changes
- Immediatly after the (1), the sacrolemma permeability changes
- depolarization wave passes
- (1)channels close and (2) channels open
- (1)Na (2)K
- Na channels (1), and K channels (2)
- (1)open (2)close
- What does K+ do as it diffuses from the cell?
- restores the eletrical polarity of the scarolemma
-
NAME
as this ion diffuses from the cell, it restores the eletrical polarity of the scarolemma - K+
- (1) diffuses from the cell
- K+
- Repolirzation and delporization ocur in (1) directions
- same
- (1) and (2) must ocur before the muscle can be stimulated again
- (1)repolarization (2)depolarization
- the ionic concentration of the resting state is restored by the (1)
- Na K pump
- How is the ionic concentration of the resting state restored?
- by the Na K pump
- What happens once the action potential is generated? (3)
- (1)is propagated along the sacrolemma (2)travels down the T tubules (3)triggers Ca 2+ release from the terminal cisternae
-
NAME
once this is generated it is propagated along the sacrolemma, it travels down the T tubules, and triggers Ca2+ release from the terminal cisternae - action potential
- Ca 2+ binds to (1)
- troponin
- (1) binds to troponin
- Ca2+
- What does the binding of Ca2+ to troponin cause? (2)
- (1)the blocking of action potential (2)actin active binding sites to be exposed
-
NAME
this causes the blocking of action potential and actin active binding sites to be exposed - the binding of Ca2+ to troponin
- (1) cross bridges alernately attach and detach
- Myosin
- Myosin cross bridges alernately (1) and (2)
- (1)attach (2)detach
- Thin filaments move (1)
- toward the center of the sacromere
-
NAME
these filaments move toward the center of the sacromere - thin filaments
- What powers the cycling process?
- hydrolysis of ATP
- the hydrolyis of ATP powers what process?
- cycling
- What happens once Ca2+ is removed from the cell?
- tropmyosin blockage is restored and the muscle fibers relax
-
NAME
tropymosin is restored and the muscle fibers relax when (1) - Ca2+ is removed