lec3 stuffs
Terms
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- The self
- An individual consciousness of one's own identity (feelings, observations and thoughts)
- Self awareness
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Awareness of the self as an entity that is distinct from others and the environment.
Example is rouge test. - Mark/Rouge test
- A person/animal has self-awareness they will touch their own face, otherwise they will touch the mirror or look at it funny
- Self-awareness theory
- The theory that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behaviour.
- Private self-consciousness
- A personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states.
- Public self-consciousness
- A personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others.
- Levels of the self
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1. Minimal self
2. Objectified self
3. Narrative/Symbolic self - Minimal self
- Conscious experience of the self as distinct from the environment
- Objectified self
- Cognitive capacity to serve as the object of one's own or others' attention
- Symbolic self/Narrative self
- Ability to form an abstract mental representation of oneself through language
- Self-perception theory
- The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behaviour
- Overjustification effect
- The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors
- Self-concept
- The sum total of an individual's beliefs about his or her own personal attributes.
- Self-schema
- A belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant information.
- Twenty statements test (TST)
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Measures your self-concept and write down I am _____.
Statements are analyzed into personality descriptors and social roles. - Implicit personality test
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You see a trait on screen, press button that says “me OR not meâ€; idea is you press button faster for a trait that describes you.
Measures self-schema implicitly - Self-complexity
- The depth and complexity of your self-concept, complexity determined by how many descriptors you used
- Global self-concept
- “I am…†20 questions test.
- Contextualized self-concept
- “I am ___ when __†this is more true to reality because takes context into account
- Working self-concept
- Subset of your self-concept that is presently accessible
- Self-concept centrality
- Some aspects of the self-concept are more personally important to you than others (central aspects are chronically accessible in semantic network)
- Self-concept centrality is measured by
- The bulls eye test, write ME in the centre and fill with words describing person, words closer to ME describe person more
- Self-evaluating maintenance
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How we maintain our A+ evaluation of ourselves.
Someone close to you outperforms you: you feel threatened if domain is central to your self-concept; feel proud if domain not central to self-concept - Self-handicapping
- Strategy to buffer the self from an anticipated failure or embarrassment by undermining one’s own performance
- Self-verification
- The need to seek confirmation of one’s self-concept, motivated by desire to be understood but only for traits central to the self-concept
- Multiple selves
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We have multiple selves.
1. Independent self
2. Interdependent self - Independent self
- View of self as distinct from others
- Interdependent self
- We are inherently linked with others (includes other peoples view of themselves in one self)
- Possible selves
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Type of self-concept that pertains to how we think about our potential and our future
Ideal self - We want to become
Neutral self - We could become
Self we are afraid of becoming
- Self-discrepancy theory
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We have 3 self concepts that are constantly active
The actual self (who we are now), the ideal self( who we want to be) and the ought self (who others want us to be)
Distance between the actual and ideal self leads to depression
Distance between the actual and ought self leads to anxiety - Self-esteem
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An effective component of the self, consisting of a person's positive and negative evaluations
Self-evaluated component of the self-concept - Global self-esteem
- Typical level of self-esteem
- State self-esteem
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Self-esteem that fluctuates based on situation/context
Has(3 domains: social state self-esteem, performance state self-esteem and appearance state self-esteem) - Implicit self-esteem
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How closely you associate yourself with the concept of “goodâ€
Measured by the implicit association test (IAT).
Participants categorize stimuli into 1 of 4 categories where 2 categories are mapped onto each button; speed of categorization when 2 concepts are paired together reflects how associated those concepts are in the semantic network - Sociometer theory
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The need to belong is evolutionarily adaptive and self-esteem monitors the likelihood of social exclusion
The sociometer is an internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection - Perceived regard
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How we believe we are viewed by others, tend to underestimate how + close others like us
Our friends rate our personality higher then we rate our owns, we have a sense that our friends views us more positively - Within Self-Serving Biases, positive illusions are
- A set of common overly favourable and unrealistic beliefs about the Self
- Subsets under positive illusions
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- Skills which lead to self-enhancement
- Personal control which leads to illusion of control
- Optimism regarding positive outcomes for the self leads to optimism bias - Self-enhancement
- Tendency to see oneself as better – than average on favourable characteristics
- Illusion of control
- Overestimation of the degree to which we can control events and outcomes (Ex. blowing on dice)
- Unrealistic optimism/Optimism bias
- Overestimation of the likelihood that positive events will happen to us (underestimation of how likely that negative events will happen to us)
- Basking in reflected glory (BIRG)
- To increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful
- Upward social comparison
- Comparison of ourself to someone better off; makes us feel good, think of them as a role model
- Downward comparison
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Comapring ourselves to someone worse off; makes us feel good to do this
Most acts are in the prefrontal cortex, but comparison is in the medial prefrontal lobe and self-recognition in the right prefrontal lobe - Self-monitoring
- The tendency to change behaviour in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation