PsychologFinal
Terms
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- believed that the body and soul are separate (person)
- Aristotle
- founder of Psychology; conducted experiments (person)
- Wilhelm Wundt
- wrote an important psychology book
- William James
- student of William James; president of APA
- Mary Calkins
- believed unconscious thought effects behavior (person)
- Sigmund Freud
- theory that the mind has separate components
- Psychodynamic theory
- two men who believed in behaviorism
- Watson and Skinner
- \"Nurture, not Nature\"
- Watson
- study psychology through behavior and not mental processes
- Behaviorism
- importance of current environmental influences on growth
- Humanistic Psychology
- scientific study of behavior and mental processes
- Psychology
- incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
- Biopsychosocial Approach
- Psychological Perspectives (4)
- -Behavior Genetics-how genes and environment effect us -Psychodynamic-behavior springs from unconscious drives -Cognitive-how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info -Social-cultural-behavior and thinking vary across culture
- Assists people who have problems with living
- Counseling Psychology
- Studies, assesses, and treats people with disorders
- Clinical Psychology
- SQ3R
- study method using 5 stepss: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review
- \"I-knew-it-all-along\" phenomenon
- Hindsight Bias
- Thinking that examines assumptions, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
- Critical Thinking
- Explains through a set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors
- Theory
- Testable prediction implied by theory
- Hypothesis
- studying one individual in great depth in hope of revealing things about us all
- Case Study
- Representative, random sample of people
- Survey
- every person in group has an equal chance of participating
- Random Sample
- Measure the extent to which one factor predicts another
- Correlation
- Positive and Negative Correlation
- -Positive (0 -- +1)-direct relationship; one increases with the other -Negative (0 -- -1)-inverse relationship-as one increases, the other decreases -CORRELATION DOES NOT MEAN CAUSATION
- Perception of relationship where none exists (card deck)
- Illusory Correlation
- neither participant nor researcher knows whether the participants receive a treatment
- Double-blind Procedure
- Experimental result caused by expectations alone
- Placebo Effect
- Experimental vs. Control Groups
- -Ex-exposed to the treatment -C-serves as comparison to affect of treatment
- Independent vs. Dependent Variable
- -Ind-manipulated factor-affect is being studied -D-outcome factor-changes based on independent
- behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group from one generation to the next
- Culture
- Emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces into meaningful wholes
- Gestalt Psychologists
- Organization of visual field into objects that stand out from surroundings
- Figure-ground
- oranize stimuli into coherent groups
- Grouping
- see objects in 3D; allows us to just distance
- Depth Perception
- depth cues that depend on two eyes
- Binocular Cues
- Compares images through two eyeballs (floating finger)
- Retinal Disparity
- depth cues abailable in either eye
- Monocular Cues
- Types of Monocular Cues
- -Phi Phenomenon-percieve movement of stationary objects -Interposition-objects that block other things seem to be closer -Linear Perspective-more lines converge, the greater the distance
- Bottom-Up vs. Top-Bottom
- Bottom-Up-pieces are put together to make a whole -Top-bottom-conscious perception comes from brain pathways
- perceiving objects as unchanging
- Perceptual Constancy
- ability to adjust to artificially displace or inverted visual field
- Perceptual Adaptation
- mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another (saxaphonist/woman)
- Perceptual Set
- information that has been stored and can be retreived
- Memory
- processing info into memory system
- Encoding
- retention of encoded information
- Storage
- getting information out of storage
- Retrieval
- immediate recording of sensory information
- Sensory Memory
- holds a few items briefly (Phone#), before it is forgotten
- Short term memory
- permanent and limitless storage; knowledge, skills, experiences
- Long term memory -Clark\'s Nutcracker
- Conscious processing of incoming stimuli
- Working Memory
- unconscious encoding of incidental info; space and time
- Automatic Frequency
- encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
- Effortful Processing
- conscious repetition of info(man who practiced this)
- Rehearsal (Ebbinghaus)
- retain info better when rehearsal is destributed over time
- Spacing Effect
- tendency to recall last and first items in a list
- Serial Position Effect -Primary/Recency
- mental pictures; used in effortful processing
- Imagery
- organizing items into familiar units (automatically)
- Chunking
- momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
- Iconic memory
- momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
- Echoic memory
- increase in synapses after brief stimulation
- Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
- clear memory of an emotionally significant moment
- Flashbulb memory
- Types of amnesia
- -Retrograde-forget things before head injury -Anterograde-cant make new memories
- Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
- -Implicit-without conscious recall (Cerebellum) -Explicit-conscious recall(Hippocampus)
- Retrieve information not in conscious awareness
- Recall
- amount of time saved when learning material a second time
- Relearning
- activation, usually unconsciously, of particular associations (cow-drink milk)
- Priming
- Recall experiences consistent with one\'s current mood
- Mood-congruent Memory
- Prior learning disrupts recall of something you experience later
- Proactive Interference
- new information makes it harder to recall priod learning
- Retroactive Interference
- defense mechanism to banish painful memories to minimize anxiety
- Repression
- incorporating misleading information into one\'s memory of an event (car crash)
- Misinformation Effect
- mental activities dealing with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
- Cognition
- mental image of a category
- Prototype
- step by step procedure that guarantee a solution (slow)
- Algorithms
- simple thinking strategy; error-prone but fast
- Heuristic
- sudden realization to a solution
- Insight
- tendency to search for information that confirms one\'s preconceptions
- Confirmation Bias
- inability to see a problem from new perspective (matchsticks)
- Fixation
- think of things only in their usual function
- Functional Fixation
- judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they match (Gambler\'s Fallacy)
- Representativeness Heuristic
- estimating likelihood of event based on availability in memory
- Availability Heuristic
- overestimate accuracy of one\'s beliefs and judgments
- Overconfidence
- how an issue is posed affects decisions and judgements (%fat)
- Framing
- clinging to one\'s initial conceptions after it has been discredited
- Belief Perserverance
- how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
- Social Psychology
- how we explain someone\'s behavior
- Attribution Theory
- how we underestimate impact of the situation and overestimate impact of a person\'s disposition
- Fundamental Attribution Theory
- people who have first agreed to small request will ask for a larger request later
- Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
- set of norms about a social position (Zimbardo - stanford prison experiment)
- Role
- when attitudes are different than our actions; causes tension
- Cognitive Dissonance