umms.microMadeRidiculouslySimple.ch1

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In a gram stain what do the following color mean? blue red: blue= gram positive
red = gram negative
cell walls are made by... what enzyme does this?: cell walls are a peptidoglycan layer = repeating disacharides each with a side chain of 4 AA

transpeptidase (PBP) links the AA sidechains together --> cross links
thick cell wall with extensive cross linking of the AA sidechain; complex outer cell wall with techoic acid = an antigenic determinant for serlogic ID ; inner surface of the cell wall touches the cytoplasmic membrane (which has transmembrane proteins but: gram positive cell wall
Thin with simple cross linking; 3 layers: 1) c-plasmic memb 2)peptidoglycan layer 3) outer cell memb; there is a periplasmic space between the inner cell memb and the cell wall; cell wall contains murein but not techoic acid ( murein binds the cell wall: gram negative cell wall
LPS: 1) O-specific side chain: differs from one organism to another = antigenic det (is in the Outer membrans = "O")
2) Core polysaccharide: center of LPS, water soluble
3) Lipid A: (endotoxin) interior to the core, a dissacharide with multipe fatty acid tails reaching into the membrane. Toxic to humans and may --> septic shock
6 classic gram positive bugs (basically all others are gram negative): 2 cocci and 4 bacilli:

1) sterptococcus
2) staphylococcus
the following two are the spore makers
3)bacillus
4)clostridium
the following two ar ethe nnon-spore makers
5)cornybacterium
6) listeria ( the lone gram positive that makes endotoxin)
What are the shapes of the gram negative: there is one group of gram negative cocci = neissera (diplococcus)

there is one group of spiral shaped org = spirochetes

the rest are rods or pleiomorphics
mycobacteria: weakly gram positive
acid fast

includes TB and leprosy
Spirochetes:: gram negatie
too small to be seen with a light microscope and so must b e visualized with a special darkfield microscope
Mycoplasma: no cell wall
simple cell memb = neither gram + or -
prokaryotes (bacteria) ribosome: size: numbered by what attacks this (dx wise): 70S = large 50S and small 30S

numbered by the rate of seimentation

erythromycin attacks the 50S and Tetracyctline attacks the 30S
give the shape and the gram stain of the following: Strep and staph: gram positive circular
give the shape and the gram stain of the following: neisseria: gram negative circular
give the shape and the gram stain of the following: cornybacterium, listeria, bacillus, clostridium (and mycobacterium = acid fast): gram positive rods
give the shape and the gram stain of the following: Enterics ( E coli, shigella, salmonela, yersinia, klebsiella, proteus, enterobacter, serratia, vibrio, camphylobacter, helicobacter pseudomonass, bacteroides) , hemophilus, bordetella, legionella,: gram negative rods
give the shape and the gram stain of the following: spirochetes (trepanema, borrielia, leptospira): gram negative spiral
give the shape and the gram stain of the following: actinomyces (anaerobic) and nocardia (acid fast): gram positive branching filamentous growth like fungi
give the shape and the gram stain of the following: clamydia, rickettsiae: gram negative pleomorphic
give the shape and the gram stain of the following: mycoplasma: no cell wall
3 oxygen break down enzyme: 1) catalase: H2O2 --> H2O + O2
2) peroxidase: same as catalase
3) superoxide dismutase:
2(O2 radicals) +2 H --> H2O2 +O2
use glycolysis, TCA cycle and the electorn transport chain with oxygen as the final electron acceptor Have: catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase: Obligate aerobes:
aeorobic: but can grow without O2 Use O2 as an electron acceptor in their electron transfer chain Have: catalase and superoxide dismutase: Facultative aerobes
bacteria use fermentation and have no electron transport system can tolerate small amounts because have superoxide dismutase: Microaerophilic bacteria
hate oxygen and have enzymes to defend against it: Obligate anaerobes
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: nocardia bacillus cereus: gram positive obligate aerobes
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: staphylococcus, bacillus anthracus, corynebacterium,listeria, actinomyces: gram positive facultative anaerobes
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: streptococcus: gram positive microaeerophilic
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: clostridium: gram positive obligate anaerobes
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: neisseria, pseudomonas, bordetella, legionella, brucella: gram negative obligate aerobes
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: most gram negative rods: faculatative anaerobes
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: spirochetes (treponema, borrelia, leptospira) camphylobacter: gram negative miroaerophillic
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: bacteroides: gram negative obligate anaerobes
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: mycobacterium, nocardia: acid fast obligate anaerobes
Give the oxygen spectrum and gram stain for the following: mycoplasma: no cell wall facultative anaerobes
What are: phototrophs chemotrophs autotrophs heterotrophs chemoheterotrophs: phototrophs: use light as an energy source
chemotrophs: use chemical compounds as an energy source
autotrophs: chemotrophs using inorganic sources (ammonium and sulfide)
heterotorphs: chemotrophes using organic carbon sources
chemoheterotrophs: use chemical and organic compounds (such as glucose) for energy = all medically important bacteria
used for oxygen metabolism glucose --> pyruvic acid + ATP pyruvic acid --> lactic acid, etOH, proprionic acid, butyric acid, acetone: Fermentation (glycolysis)
used with aerobic and facultative anaerobic org glycolysis TCA, electron transport and oxydative phosphorylation: repiration
Obligate intrecellular organisms: arent capable of the metabolic path for ATP synthesis and thus must steal atp from their host

must live inside host

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