Chapter 6
Terms
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- lymph
- fluid circulated through lymph vessels
- platelets
- thrombocytes; cell fragments in blood essential for blood clotting
- lacteals
- specialized lymph vessels in small intestine that absorb fat into bloodstream
- morph/o
- form
- crossmatching
- method of matching donor's blood to recipient by mixing sample in test tube to determine compatibility
- lymphadenopathy
- enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
- hemolysis
- breakdown of RBC membrane
- poikilocytosis
- presence of lg., irregularly shaped RBC
- spleen
- organ b/w stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune responses
- metastasis
- process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organ; "metastases" is plural form of term, indicating the spread to two or more distant sites
- plasmapheresis
- removal of plasma from body w/ separation and extraction of specific elements followed by reinfusion
- autologous blood
- blood donated by and stored for patient for future personal use
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- disorder that results from incompatibility of fetus w/ Rh- positive blood and mother w/ Rh- negative blood, causing RBC destruction in fetus; blood transfusion is necessary to save fetus
- splenectomy
- removal of spleen
- aplastic anemia
- normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by failure of bone marrow to produce RBC
- red cell morphology
- as part of identifying and counting WBC, condition, size, and shape of RBC in background of smeared slide are noted
- myelodysplasia
- disorder w/in bone marrow characterized by proliferation of abnormal stem cell (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into specific type of leukemia
- agranulocytes
- group of leukocytes w/o granules in nuclei
- lypmphadenectomy
- removal of lymph node
- Rh factor
- presence or lack of antigens on surface of RBC, which causes rxn b/w Rh-pos. blood and Rh-neg. blood
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood
- antibody
- substance produced by body that destroys/inactivates antigen that has entered body
- leukemia
- chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in blood and bone marrow
- blood chemistry
- test of fluid portion of blood to measure amounts of chemical constituents
- splen/o
- spleen
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- timed test that measures rate at which RBC settle through volume of plasma
- chrom/o, chromat/o
- color
- iron deficiency anemia
- microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin and sm. RBC containing low amounts of hemoglobin
- lymphocyte
- agranulotic leukocyte active in process of immunity; three categories of lymphocytes are T cells, B cells and NK cells
- lymph ducts
- collecting channels that carry lymph from lymph nodes to veins
- lymph capillaries
- microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to lymph vessels
- comprehensive metabolic panel
- tests in addition to basic panel for expanded screening purpose: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT, and AST
- lymphocytopenia
- abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
- hemochromatosis
- hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in body
- red blood count (RBC)
- count of number of RBC/cubic mL
- Rh positive
- presence of antigens
- immunosuppression
- impaired ability to provide immune response
- pernicious anemia
- macrocytic normochromic type of anemia characterized by inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing RBC to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
- reticulocytosis
- increased number of immature erythrocytes in blood
- lymph node dissection
- removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination
- band
- immature neutrophil
- basic metabolic panel
- battery of tests used as general screen for disease: calcium, CO2, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- phlebotomy/venipuncture
- incision into/puncture of vein to w/draw blood for testing
- lymphoma
- any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkins disease
- neutrophil
- granular leukocyte, named for neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria
- Rh negative
- absence of antigens
- blood indices
- calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine avg. size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of RBC to classify anemia
- mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- calculation of avg. hemoglobin in ea. RBC using HGB and HCT results: MCHC=HGB/HCT
- thromboplastin
- substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
- thromb/o
- clot
- complete blood count (CBC)
- common lab blood test performed as screen of general health/ for diagnosis, including following four component tests
- immunity
- process of disease protection induced by exposure to antigen
- polymorphonuclearleukocyte (PMN)
- another term for neutrophil, named for many segments present in its nucleus
- hemoglobin
- test to determine blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in g)
- chyl/o
- juice
- bone marrow aspiration
- needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination
- hemophilia
- group of hereditary bleeding disorders w/ defect in clotting factors necessary for coagulation of blood
- lymphangiogram
- x-ray of lymph node/vessel taken after injection of contrast medium
- bone marrow transplant
- transplantion of healthy bone marrow from compatible donor to diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
- polycythemia
- increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in blood
- anticoagulant
- drug that prevents clotting of blood
- passive immunity
- immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through placenta to fetus or artificially by injection of serum containing antibodies
- hemostatic
- drug that stops flow of blood w/in vessels
- mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin
- calculation of content in weight of hemoglobin in avg. RBC using HBC and RBS results: MCH= HGB/RBC
- anisocytosis
- presence of RBC of unequal size
- lymphadenotomy
- incision into lymph node
- splenomegaly
- enlargement of spleen
- blood culture
- test to diagnose infection in bloodstream, by culturing specimen of blood to encourage growth of microorganisms, which are then identified
- prothrombin time (PT)
- test to measure activity of prothrombin in blood
- platelet count (PLT)
- calculation of # of thrombocytes in blood: normal range is b/w 150,000-450,000/ cubic mL
- macrocytosis
- presence of lg. RBC
- differential count
- determination of number of ea. type of WBC in stained blood smear; ea. type is counted & reported as % of total examined
- vasoconstrictor
- drug that causes narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
- immun/o
- safe
- basophil
- granular leukocyte, named for dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
- lymph/o
- clear fluid
- blast/o, -blast
- germ/bud
- septicemia
- systemic disease caused by infection of microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood
- reticul/o
- a net
- plas/o
- formation
- blood chemistry panels
- specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on single sample of blood; used as general screen for disease or to target specific organs/conditions, i.e., metabolic panel, lipid panel, arthritis panel
- thrombocytopenia
- bleeding disorder characterized by abnormally decreased number of platelets in blood, impairing clotting process
- vasodilator
- drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow
- blood transfusion
- intro of blood products into circulation of recipient whose blood volume is reduced/deficient in some manner
- leukocyte
- WBC, which protects body from invading harmful substances
- lymph vessels
- vessels that receive lymph from lymph capillaries and circulate it to lymph nodes
- microcytosis
- presence of sm. RBC
- thymectomy
- removal of thymus gland
- granulocytes
- group of leukocytes containing granules in cytoplasm
- immunocompromised
- impaired immunologic defenses caused by immunodeficiency disorder or therapy w/ immunosuppressive agents
- anemia
- condition of reduced numbers of RBC, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in blood, resulting in diminished ability of RBC to transport oxygen to tissues
- hemoglobin
- protein-iron compound contained in erythrocytes that transports O2 and CO2
- right lymphatic duct
- receives lymph from right upper part of body
- hem/o, hemat/o
- blood
- pancytopenia
- abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in blood
- prothrombin
- protein substance in blood that is essential to clotting process
- phag/o
- eat/swallow
- serum
- liquid portion of blood left after clotting
- mean corpuscular (cell) volume
- calculations of volume of individual cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results: MCV=HCT/RBC
- thym/o
- thymus gland
- homologous blood
- blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to compatible recipient
- hematocrit
- measurement of percentage of packed RBC in given volume of blood
- erythrocyte
- RBC, which transports O2 and CO2
- white blood count (WBC)
- count of number of WBC/cubic mL
- partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
- test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders
- chyle
- white/pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by lacteals
- plasma
- liquid portion of blood and lymph containing water, proteins, and cellular components
- lymph nodes
- several sm., oval structures that filter lymph from lymph vessels; major locations include cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
- thymus
- primary gland of lymphatic system, located w/in mediastinum, that helps maintain body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
- eosinophil
- granular leukocyte, named for rose-colored stain of its granules, that increase in allergic and some infectious rxns
- monocyte
- agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
- thoracic duct
- receives lymph from left side of head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
- erythropenia
- abnormally reduced number of RBC
- mononucleosis
- viral condition characterized by increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in blood along w/ enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue and sore throat (pharyngitis)
- neutropenia
- decrease in number of neutrophils
- active immunity
- immunity that protects the body against future infection, as result of antibodies that develop naturally in response to infection or artificially after administration of vaccine
- blood component therapy
- transfusion of specific blood component, such as packed RBC, platelets, or plasma
- antigen
- substance that, when introduced into body, causes formation of antibodies against it