Psych 4
Terms
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copy deck
- Discriminative stimulus
- stimulus that signals presence of particular contingencies of reinforcement
- Central Executive
- decides what is important to remember
- Dysexecutive Syndrome
- forgetful but no long-term memory impairment
- Phonological Loop
- words stored in order based on sound, not meaning
- Visio-spatial sketchpad
- temporary image person can hold for 20-30 seconds
- Which schedule of reinforcement is best to maintain behavior for a long time w/ rapid rate of responding
- variable ratio schedules
- Primary reinforcer
- innately reinforce behavior w/o learning ex: food, water, sex
- Secondary reinforcer
- originally neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing by having paired w/ primary reinforcers (good grades)
- shaping
- produces novel behavior
- chaining
- putting together a sequence of existing responses in novel order
- According to levels of processing theory, which types of processing enhance long-term memory retention
- semantic level
- Retroactive interference
- new info interferes w/ retrieval of old information
- Proactive interference
- interference of prev. stored memories w/ retrieval of new information
- What is the best schedule of reinforcement to teach new behavior?
- continuous reinforcement schedule
- What happens when you first begin to use operant extinction to get someone to stop doing something?
- extinction bursts; sudden increase in frequent behavior
- Is it more effective to use positive or negative punishment repeatedly over long periods of time?
- negative punishment
- How much info is stored in working memory, sensory memory and ltm?
-
Working-7 pieces of info
Sensory-picture, sounds
LTM-infinite amount - Difference between internal and external locus of control
-
internal-people are master's of their life
external-belief that one's lives are determined by forces outside themselves - Spreading activation
- activating one node in a network triggers activation in closely related nodes
- Difference between implicit and explicit memory
-
explicit-conscious
implicit-not require conscious recollection, evident in skills, conditioned learning - Difference between retrospective and prospective memory
-
retro-memory for things in past
prospective-memory for things tha tneed to be done in future - Spontaneous Recovery
- reemergence of previously extinguished conditioned response
- Stimulus Discrimination
- Learned tendence to respond to a restricted range of stimuli used during training
- Stimulus generalization
- May respond to stimulus that resemble CS w/ similar response
- Prepared learning
- biologically wired readiness to learn associations more easily than others
- Locus of control
- Generalized expectancies people hold about whether or not their own behavior can bring about outcomes they seek
- Operant conditioning
- learning to operate on environment to produce a consequence
- Punishment
- decreases the probability the behavior will occur
- After brain damage, is it common to lose long-term memories but to have an intact working memory?
- no
- Eidetic memory
- photographic memory
- Which schedule of reinforcement is best to maintain slow but continuous behavior for a long time
- fixed interval
- 3 components of working memory
- central executive, visual memory, verbal memory
- Who discovered classical conditioning?
- Ivan Pavlov
- Who coined the term operant conditioning?
- B.F. Skinner
- Premack Principle
- granting access to activities that are otherwise freely chosen is highly reinforcing
- retrieval
- recovering info from LTM
- Escape learning
- behavior is reinforced by elimination of aversive state of affairs that already exist ex:sunbather puts sunblock on sunburn pain
- Avoidance learning
- organism learns to prevent an expected aversive event from happening
- Continuous reinforcement
- consequence is same each time animal emits a behavior
- Social learning
- learn from people around w/ or w/o reinforcement
- modeling
- observational learning in which person learns to reproduce behavior exhibited by model
- Vicarious conditioning
- person learns consequence of action by observing its consequences for someone else
- Tutelage
- teaching concepts of procedures through verbal explanation or instruction
- Decay theory
- explains forgetting as result of fading memory trace
- Encoding
- cast into a representational form or code that can be readily accessed
- State-dependent memory
- being in similar mood at encoding and retrieval can facilitate learning
- context-dependent memory
- context in which people encode and retrieve information