SPSI 555

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soma: cell body
at the receptor site...: -the site will only respond to one neurostransmitter
-if it's right, it will change the permeability
affinity: neurotransmitter and the receptor site have this (they like each other)
when the permeability changes...: -substance that couldn't enter now can
-those that couldn't go out, now can
-these substances have electrical charges which will change too
synapse (noun): place between the terminal button on the sendint neuron and the receptor site on the receiving neuron
-aka: synaptic gap
caudal: towards the tail
lateral: towards the side
process of IPSP: 1. potassium rushes out of cell - cell becomes negative
2. chloride rushes out - becomes more positive
3. returns to resting potential
cell membrane: -defines boundaries of the cell
-keeps extracellular fluid separate from intracellular fluid
what does the EPSP do: -increases the chance the receiving neuron will fire
-we see an electrical charge that moves to the cell body
the 3 forces within the neuron: 1. sodium potassium pump
2. potassium leaks out soma
3. protein anion
IPSP: inhibitory post-synaptic potential
process of EPSP: 1. sodium rushes in (hyper-polarization)
2. potassium rushes out (hyper-polarization)
3. back to resting potential
anencephalic: -born witout a cerebrum
-can cry, be comforted, sleep/wake cycle, alter heartbeat/breathing, swallow/chew, vomit/suck, etc.
glial cells *4 types: support cells in the CNS that help the neuron
1. astrocyte
2. microglia
3. oligodendraglia
4. ependymal
satellite cells: provide physical support for the neurons in the PNS
what does IPSP do: increases probability the receiving cell won't fire
dendrites: -an extrusion from the soma
-carries the electrical charge away from the cell body
central nervous system: brain & spinal cord
-dependent on PNS
-formulate a response and sends it to effectors
-command headquarters and sends responses through PNS
-outbound information is motor/descending/efferent
ependymal cells: -line the ventricles (cavities of the brain)
-manufacture cerebral spinal fluid
cranial nerves: -above the neck
-12 pairs in PNS
-provide motor and sensory
-exit along the lateral edges of the brain stem
when a neuron goes across the cleft and attaches itself...: -electrical charge changes the permeability
-dendrite carries stimulation to cell body
-fires if there's sufficient charge
-sagital -mid-sagital -para-sagital: -divides left to right
-at midline
-not at midline
schwann cells: provide myelin sheath that covers the axons in the PNS
-collateral sprouting
functions of the spinal cord: -transmissive
-lots (sensory) information going up
-descending information
-mediate simple reflexes
nervous system: -a basic communication system
-enables all parts of the body to communicate
-distributed unevenely
-divided into central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
3 parts of the brain stem in descending order: 1. midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla
electricity within the neuron - 3 forces: keeps the substances distrubted unevenly across the cell membrane so we have a difference in charges
because of the 3 forces...: the intracellular fluid is different that the extracellular fluid
localized receptor site: what happens in the moment of the synapse
protein anion: -negative charge
-so big it can never fit out the door
sephalic: towards the brain
terminal buttons response to a charge: has its vesicles migrate to the edge of the terminal button and secretes it into the synaptic cleft
medial: towards the middle
superior/inferior: above/below
neuro/nerve cell: basic functioning part of the nervoys system
horizontal: -parallel to the ground
-divide top and bottom
neuron: -basic functioning part of the CNS and PNS
-different shapes and sizes
-property of excitability
sodium potassium pump: -positive charge
-in the cell membrane throught the perimeter
-sodium out; potassium in
-constant
spinal cord: runs down through vertebral column
brain: divided into:
-cerebrum
-brain stem
oligodendraglia cells: -provides a myelin sheath wrapped around the axon
-provides insulation, so not influenced by outside factors
brain stem: -connects cerebrum to the spinal cord
-connects cerebellum to the spinal cord
-plays a transmissive role
-takes care of complex (vegetative) reflexes
-ex. swallowing, heart beat
cerebellum: integrates motor behavior
collateral sprouting: -if one neuron is killed, and adjacent neuron can go to help it heal
-bc of this, damage here has a good prognosis (only in PNS)
spinal nerves: -motor and sensory branch
-when joined together, mixed nerve
when a neuron fires...: -the charge goes to the terminal button which responds by secreting a chemical into the synaptic cleft called neurotransmitter
-goes across the cleft and attaches itself
neurotransmitters: stored in the terminal button in little packages called vesicles
property of excitability: -property of the neuron
-if a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, it will send an electrical charge down it's length
peripheral nervous system: -31 pairs of spinal nerves
-segmental organization
-nerves exit at each segment
autonomic nervous system: -automatic responses
-sympathetic and parasympahtetic branches
-made of spinal and cranial nerves
-homeostasis
astrocyte cells: -phagocytosis (house cleaning)
-isolates the synapse
-provides blood-brain barrier
inside charge: -70mV in comparison to the outside
EPSP: excitatory post-synaptic potential
sensations: -have receptors
-stimulate cranial nerves or spinal nerves
potassium leaks out soma: positive
glial cells in the PNS: -satellite cells
-schwann cells
anterior: towards the front
posterior: towards the back
transverse: cross section
frontal: divides front to back
cerebrum: -paired cerebral hemispheres
-mediates higher functions
-ex. reasoning
glial cell tumors: -astrocytoma
-microglioma
-oligodendroglioma
-
microglia cells: -phagocytosis
parts of the neuron: -cell membrane
-soma
-dendrites
-axon
-synapse

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