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P.Speaking Zarefsky

Terms

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what is an opinion?
This is a subjective statement presumably based on experience or expertise
What is communication?
A continuous process through which a speaker and a listener create shared meaning and understanding.
What is a public forum? (Four characteristics)
1. Some problem affects people collectively as well as individually. 2. Cooperative action is needed. 3. The decision requires subjective judgment. 4. A decision is required.
What is critical listening?
This kind of listening enables you to offer both an accurate rendering of the speech and an interpretation and assessment of it.
What is spatial organization?
Organizing a speech that corresponds to different cities in Colorado is an example of this.
What are audience demographics ? (four)
Size, heterogeneity, voluntary vs captive audiences, and composition
What are values?
These are positive or negative judgments that listeners apply to a person, place, object, event, or idea.
What is common knowledge?
These are the beliefs and values that members of a society generally share.
What is an universal audience?
This is an imaginary audience made up of all reasonable people
What is style?
The distinctive character that may make a speech recognizable or memorable
What are the components of a proof? (3)
1. Claim – a statement the speaker is trying to prove. 2. Supporting material – materials used to support the claim being made. 3. Reasoning – involves inference, links the supporting materials to the claim.
What are types of fallacies? (2)
a. Common cause: assuming that one thing causes another, when something else is actually the cause. b. Post hoc: assuming that, because one event occurred before another, the first is necessarily the cause of the second.
What are the six general tests of inferences?
1. Does the claim follow from the supporting material? 2. Does the claim advance our understanding beyond the supporting material? 3. Is the claim relevant to the issue? 4. Is the language clear and unequivocal? 5. Has probability been clearly distinguished from certainty? 6. Is the speaker's emotional response appropriate to the situation?
What are the types of introductions ? (10)
1. Identifying with your audience: 2. Referring to the speech situation: 3. Stating your purpose: 4. Stating the importance of your topic: 5. Citing statistics, making claims: 6. Telling a story: 7. Using an analogy: 8. Asking a rhetorical question: 9. Quoting someone: 10. Using humor:
What are strategies for making transitions? (3)
Identifying main ideas succinctly Using parallel structure when possible Using signposting
What are preparation and presentation outlines ?
1. A detailed, complete sentence outline used for organizational structure 2. A brief outline with key words only
What is subordination?
This is the term for supporting materials, indicated by capital letters, indented under their main idea
What is effective style (in oral speaking) ?
1. The accuracy of what you say 2. The appropriateness of what you say
What is empathy?
Feeling what listeners feel and knowing what they think
What is “voice.”? (6)
1. Volume 2. Feedback 3. Amplification 4. Pitch 5. Rate 6. Stress
What are visual aids? (3)
1. Make the speech more interesting 2. Enhance the speaker’s credibility 3. Improve comprehension and retention
What are informative strategies? (6)
1. Defining 2. Reporting (journalism) 3. Describing (painting mental picture) 4. Explaining (further explanation than definition) 5. Demonstrating 6. Comparing (similarities and differences)
What are the purposes of persuasive strategies? (4)
1. Strengthening Commitment (addressing to those who may agree with you or haven’t considered a topic enough) 2. Weakening Commitment (hostile audience, change attitude) 3. Conversion (alter listener’s beliefs) 4. Inducing specific actions
What are ceremonial or epideictic speeches?
Speeches of Greeting, Speeches of Tribute, and Keynote Speeches are examples of this
What is the Boomerang Effect ?
This happens when the message turns back on the speaker because the appeal is so overwhelming and the audience thinks, “What I do won’t matter anyway.”
What is polysemic?
When a message is capable of being understood in more than one way, or has multiple meaning

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