TAMS, Dr. Jag, Biology, Ch. 44
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- What are the two circulatory system types? What do both have?
- Open(no vessels, hemolymph) and closed(vessels, lymph and blood separate). A heart.
- What are the vessel types?
- Arteries(from heart), arterioles(small arteries), veins(to heart), venules(small veins), and capillaries(gas exchange).
- What is interstitial fluid? Where does it go?
- Fluid from the plasma that passes through capillary walls. Either back into the capillary or lymph vessels.
- What are the three functions of the circulatory system in vertebrates?
- Transportation, Regulation, and Protection.
- What is plasma consist of?
-
Metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, and proteins.
Proteins include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, which helps blood to clot. - What is plasma without fibrinogen called?
- Serum.
- Where do platelets come from? What does fibrin have to do with platelets?
- They are pinched off from Megakaryocytes. Fibrin holds platelets together at blood clots.
- What are vasoconstriction and vasodilation? What are precapillary sphincters?
- Constriction and relaxation of arteriole smooth muscle, regulating blood flow. Valves that can close off capillary beds.
- How does blood get back to the heart from the veins?
- Through venous pumps and venous valves.
- What is the lymphatic system?
- The system that gets fluid called lymph back into the circulatory system through lymph vessels and lymph hearts.
- Describe the fish heart.
- It has four chambers. The first two, sinous venosus and atrium, are for collection. The others, ventricle and conus arteriosus are pumping chambers. The heart beats peristaltically.
- Describe amphibian and reptile circulation.
- They have a pulmonary and systemic circulation. They have a three chambered heart. Amphibians can also use cutaneous respiration through their skin.
- Describe mammalian and bird hearts.
- They are four chambered and keep oxygen-rich and poor blood separate. The heartbeat starts in the sinoatrial node, a descendant of the sinus venosus.
- What are the different heart valves?
- Atrioventricular (triscuspid and biscuspid/mitral), and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic).
- What is the cardiac cycle?
- The cycle of rest (diastole) and contraction (systole).
- What are the major vessels around the heart?
- The pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta, coronary arteries, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava.
- What two measurements are made to measure blood pressure?
- Systolic and diastolic pressure.
- How is heart contraction stimulated?
- Depolarization of the sinoatrial node, followed by the atrioventricular node, the atrioventricular bundle/bundle of His, to Purkinje fibers.
- How is the depolarization of the heart measured and recorded from the surface of the body?
- With an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- What do baroreceptors do?
- Detect changes in arterial blood pressure.
- What hormones regulate blood volume? What do they do?
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-retain more water, Aldosterone-retain Na+, Atrial Natriuretic Hormone-eliminate Na+ and water, and Nitric Oxide-dilate vessels.
- What are some cardiovascular diseases?
- Angina pectoris (low blood supply to heart), Stroke (loss of blood to brain), Atherosclerosis (plaque accumulation), Arteriosclerosis (artery hardening).
- What is Fick's Law of Diffusion?
- R=DA(deltaP/d). R=diffusion rate. D=constant. A=area. deltaP=concentration difference. d=distance.
- How do animals maximize their respiration rates?
- Creating a water current with cilia, increase respiration surfaces' area and decrease their thickness.
- How many mm Hg are in an atmosphere? What is partial pressure?
- 760. The pressure contribute by a single gas in a mixture.
- What are external gills? What is an operculum? What is ram ventilation?
- Gills not enclosed in body structures. A cover placed over internal gills. Swimming constantly with the mouth open to force water over the gills.
- What are gill arches? What is countercurrent flow?
- The collections of gill filaments in a fish. The flow of water and blood in opposite directions in gills.
- Why were gills replaced when terrestrial animals evolved?
- Air is less buoyant than water and water can diffuse into air.
- What are the types of terrestrial respiratory organs? What is a uniform pool?
- Tracheae and lungs. A system of respiration present in all terrestrial vertebrates except birds where air is in contact with the gas-exchange surface.
- Contrast amphibian and reptile respiration.
- Amphibians respire by using positive pressure, reptiles with negative.
- Describe the mammalian air path.
- Air comes into the larynx, the trachea, branches into bronchi, which branche into bronchioles, which end in alveoli.
- Describe avian respiration.
- Respiration has two phases, inspiration and expiration. Air is pushed in one direction through parabronchi during expiration. Blood flows in a cross-current flow.
- What are the pleural membranes around the lung?
- The visceral pleural membrane, the parietal pleural membrane, and the pleural cavity between them.
- What is tidal volume? What is vital capacity?
- The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a breath. The maximum amount of air that can be expired.
- What is hypoventilating? What is hyperventilating?
- Not breathing enough to remove CO2. Removing too much CO2 by breathing too rapidly.
- What structures regulate breathing?
- The aortic and carotid bodies (peripheral chemoreceptors) and the central chemoreceptors in the brain.
- What is hemoglobin? What is oxyhemoglobin? What is doxyhemoglobin?
- A four chain protein with four heme groups. Hemoglobin with oxygen bound to the heme groups. Hemoglobin without oxygen.
- How is CO2 carried in the bloodstream?
- It is dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or converted by erythrocytes into carbonic acid.
- How does NO in the blood stream affect the circulatory system?
- It expands blood vessels and increases blood flow.
- Who are you going to vote for MHA president?
- Robert Fromm.