Neuropsychology 2
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- Inability to convert short-term into lon-term memory is associated with damage to:
- the hippocampus
- Area of the brain responsible for expressive speech:
- Broca's area
- Which brain structure servesas the relay station for sensory info from all sensory modalities except olfaction?
- The thalamus (olfactory info goes straight to the cortex)
- The ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System) produces its effects on motivation by:
- providing diffuse facilitation to the entire cortex
- Long term potentiation is associated with:
- learning and memory (observed in the hippocampal neurons)
- Studies on the effectiveness of SSRI's on treating eating disorders has shown:
- Serotonin may be an etiological factor in both disorders, and thus SSRI's can be an effective treatment component
- Wernicke's aphasia:
- Receptive - affects comprehension
- Broca's aphasia:
- Expressive - difficulty expressing language
- In terms of brain structures, Broca's aphasia is to Wernicke's apahasia as:
- The frontal lobe is to the temporal lobe.
- Which neurotransmitter is most associated with Tourette's disorder?
- Dopamine
- A patient taking clozapine with symptoms of muscle rigidity, tachycardia, sweating, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness:
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
- Research on the impact of radiation and chemo on children's cognitive abilities has shown:
- Deficits associtaed with both procedures
- Risk factors for Vascular dementia include:
- Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
- Apraxia is a:
- inability to execute purposeful movements
- Akathesia is:
- Motor restlessness
- Ataxia is:
- Incoordination, often with slurred speech
- The basal ganglia:
- codes and relays information asscoiated with the control of voluntary movement
- Hydrocephalus is associated with:
- the ventricles (occurs when flow of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked)
- Elderly sleep patterns differ in that they:
- Have increased non-REM sleep in stages 1 & 2, and decreased absolute amounts of REM
- Patients with Schizophrenia are likely to have an enlarged:
- Lateral and third ventricles
- Explicit memory is mediated by the:
- hippocampus, medial thalamus, and prefrontal cortex
- Implicit memory is mediated by the:
- Basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, and premotor cortex
- As a treatment for mania, the anticonvulsant carbamazepine:
- May be more effective than lithium for dysphoric (rapid cycling) mania
- Long term effects of Tardive Dyskinesia are:
- Irreversible in about 50%, but other half show gradual improvement
- Some atypical antipsychoticslike clozapine, exert their effects by restoring the balanc between:
- dopamine & norepinephrine/and or serotonin
- Symptoms of memory impairment, faulty judgement, & impaired concentration, would most likely result from lesions to the:
- Temporal lobe
- Agnosia refers to:
- loss of ability to recognize various non-language types of stimulation
- Withdrawing a neuroleptic from a patient with TD, will result in:
- possible increase in symptoms, but followed by a decrease in symptoms
- Clomipramine, an antidepressent that increase availbility of serotonin, also affects OCD by:
- reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms
- An MRI of a patient in the early phases Huntigtons disease would indicate:
- reduced volume of the basal ganglia
- Intial symptoms of Huntington's disease include:
- Depression, anxiety, and/or irritability (followed by moor & cognitive symptoms)
- Long-term potentiation was intially observed in the cells of the
- Hippocampus
- Following a stroke, a patient exhibits right hemiplegia. Other symptoms include:
- speech-language deficits & slow-cautious behavior style
- Clonidines side effects include:
- dry mouth, headache, hypotension, sedation & dizziness
- Patient who has tremors due to lithium should:
- Lower the dose or be administered Propranolol (a beta-blocker)
- For sex-role determinants, the characteristic that is most related to genetics is:
- aggression
- Males low on adrogyny...
- adhere more rigidly to sex sterotypic behaviors (tend to be less happy, content adjusted)
- Hemiplegia
- paralysis in an arm and leg on one side of the body
- Parasthesia
- abnormal sensations such as numbness, tingling or burning (due to damage of spinal cord)
- Salatory Conduction
- Conduction in axons with myelin
- Acetycholine
- Causes muscles to contract. Deficits = impairments in voluntary movement
- Catecholamines
-
(inlcude norepinephrine, epinephrine, & dopamine)
Associated with personality, mood & drive states
Lack is associated with depression, while exxcess with schizophrenia - GABA
-
most common inhibitory neurotransmitter - causes depressing effect
Deficits are associated with Huntington - Glutamate
-
Major excitatory neurotransmitter
Found in hippocampus & plays role in memory - Pons
-
Connects 2 halves of cerebellum. Regulates arousal.
Maintains slow-wave sleep - Substantia Nigra
- Controls aspects of movement
- Reticular Formation
- Sleep, arousal & attention. Touch & pain sensation. Control of reflexes
- Hypothalamus
- Homeostasis, temperture, metabolism, appetite, sleep. Involved with strong feelings, hunger, thirst & sex
- Thalamus
- Central switching station for all sensory info except olfaction.
- Limbic System
- Mediates emotional component of behavior. Consists of Amygdala, septum & hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Directs emotional behavior, attaches emotional signifigance to info. Mediates defensive/aggressive behavior
- Septum
- Inhibits emotionality & pleasure center (damage to causes hyper-emotionality & rage)
- Hippocampus
- Memory consolidation (STM to LTM)
- Frontal Lobe
-
Motor behavior, expressive language, higher-level cognitive processes, orientation to time & place
Damge can cause "frontal lobe personality (depressive or psychopathic syndrome) - Temporal Lobe
-
Receptive language, memory, & emotion. Contains the primary auditory cortex
Damage = auditoay agnosia, deficits in attention - Parietal Lobe
-
Primary somatosensory cortex and processes touch-pressure, pain & temperature.
Damage = insensitivity to touch, disruption of movement, tactile agnosia, impaired spatial orientation, - Gertsmann's Syndrome
- lesions in parietal lobe. Characterized by agraphia, right-left confusion, & finger agnosia
- Occipital Lobe
- Visual cortex. Destruction = contralateral blindness, damage = image distortion, blind spots, depth perception problems & visual agnosia
- Cannon-Bard Theory
- Arousal accompanies emotional feeling rather than causes it
- ADHD is implicated in functioning in the:
- frontal lobe
- "Satisfaction center" of the brain:
- Cingulate gyrus (mediates feelings following sex & eating)
- Predictors of adjustment following aphasia:
-
1)Being left-handed
2)Younger age
3)Less severity
4)Recovery during first 3 months - Brain part that manages the circadian rhythm:
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus (within the hypothalamus)
- Trycyclic antidepressents are most effective for:
- Relieving vegatative symptoms (appetite, sleep, motor disturbances)
- Korsakoff's syndrome is due to:
- thiamine deficinecy
- Kluver-Bucy syndrome:
- caused by damage to amygdala, causing reduced fear and aggression
- Indifference and euphoria related to which brain area?
-
Typical symptoms of orbitofrontal damage reflect
socio-emotional rather than cognitive changes and may
be summarized as: INDIFFERENCE, poor judgment, lack of
foresight, unreliability, facetiousness, EUPHORIA,
emotional shallowness, childish behaviour,
disinhibition, and irritability -
If person has MVA and trouble with work duties (but nothing
extreme--more higher-order stuff), what area is most likely to show
damage on EEG? - Frontal lobe
- Medication of choice for prophylactic treatment of panic disorder:
- Anti-depressents (SSRI's & trycyclics)
- Parkinson's is due to loss of cell in the:
- Substantia nigra (which is part of the basal ganglia) which in turn affects the thalamus & cortex. Symptoms can be temporarily alleviated by L-Dopa
- ACTH
-
Controls the release of cortisol
Under-secretion = Addison's disease (fatigue, fainting, depression, weight loss)
Over-secretion = Cushing's Disease (obesity, memory loss, depression, somatic delusions) - Hypothyroidism
- Under-secretion of thyroxine (slowed metabolism, wight gain, lowered heart rate, depression & cognitive impairment)
- Hyperthyroidism
- Over-secretion of thyroxine (elevated body temperature, weight loss, tachycardia, agitation, mania, reduced attention span)
- Auditory localization
- Emerges at birth, declines between months 1-4, reemerges at 4-5 and by 12 is fully developed
- Absolute threshold
- intensity at which a stimulus is detected 50% of the time (Fechner)
- Dysarthia
- Involves problems in articulation due to lesions or disease that disrupts the control of speech (Symptom of Parkinson's, Huntingtons, & MS)
- Visual Agnosia
-
Aperceptive agnosia = cannot recognize objects by sight, but can when placed in hand
Associative = cannot name an object, but can describe how it is used - Location of brain tumors for children & adults:
-
Children - brainstem & cerebellum
Adults - cerebral cortex - Stroke recovery
-
About 10% fully recover
Most recovery in first 6 months
Physical symptoms improve more than cognitive ones - Best predictor of recovery from closed head injury:
- Duration of the anterograde amnesia
- Huntington's Chorea
- After intial symptoms of depression, forgetfulness, personality changes, & motor symptoms manifest. Finally slow & jerky movements, dementia
- Uses of Lithium
-
1)Bipolar disorder
2)Schizophrenia
3)Intermittent explosive disorder
4)Binge drinking - Benzo's are used for
-
1)Anxiety (GAD)
2)Insomnia
3)Svere alcohol withdrawal
4)Petit mal epilepsy - Side effects of Benzo's
- Sedation, weight gain, apathy, GI distress, paradoxical excitation, sexual dysfunction, anterograde amnesia (for Ativan IV)
- Drug of choice for suicide
- Barbiturates (fatally suppress respiration)
- Beta blockers are particularly useful for treating:
- Anxiety related to public speaking
- Frequent side effect of benzos in the elderly:
- Confusion & disorientation
- Which deficits are associated with left and right hemispheric brain damage, respectively?
-
Left: speech-language deficits and slow-cautious behavioral style
Right: spatial-perceptual deficits and quick-impulsive behavior style - Describe Hypoglycemia in terms of the psychiatric symptoms it mirrors?
- In Acute phase, it looks like Panic Disorder (anxiety, panic). In Chronic phase, these are replaced with depression, psychosis, and /or personality change
- Anosognosia
- deficit in self-awareness (cauaed by damage to
- What percentage of patients with Parkinson's who are depressed, had the depression preced the other symptoms?
- About 50%
- Which neurotransmitters have been linked to Social Phobia?
- Srotonin & dopamine
- Split-brain patients have duifficlty with which functions?
- Sensory
- Area of the brain in which damage causes apathy/indifference?
- Frontal lobe
- Beta waves are present during
- Alert activity
- Side effects of Ritalin:
- Loss of appetite, abdoiminal pain, insomnia, & tachycardia
- Gate Control Theory of Pain
- Pain gate to brain is either open or closed - positive feelings tend to close the gate while negative ones tend to open the gate