Ch 6 terms
Terms
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- plasma
- liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, proteins, and cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)
- serum
- liquid portion of teh blood left after clotting
- erythrocyte
- red blood cell, which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
- hemoglobin
- protein-iron compound contained in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
- leukocyte
- white blood cell which protects the body from invading harmful substances
- granulocytes
- a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm
- neutrophil
- a granular leukocyte, named from the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria
- polymorphonuclear leukocyte
- another term for neutrophil named from the many segments present in its nucleus
- band
- an immature neutrophil
- eosinophil
- a granular leukocyte named for the rose colored stain of its granules that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions
- basophil
- a granular leukocyte named for the dark stain of its granules that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
- agranulocytes
- a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
- lymphocytes
- an agranulocytic leukocyte active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus dependent), B cells (bone marrow-deprived) and NK (natural killer) cells
- monocyte
- an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
- platelets
- thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting
- thymus
- primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
- slpeen
- organ between the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune responses
- lymph
- fluid circulated thru the lymph vessels
- lymph capillaries
- microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels
- lymph vessels
- vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capilaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
- lacteals
- specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream
- chyle
- white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
- lymph nodes
- several small oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary and inguinal regions
- lymph ducts
- collecting shannels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
- right lymphatic duct
- receives lymph from the right upper part of the body
- thoracic duct
- receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm and lower extremities
- immunity
- process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
- antigen
- a substance that when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it
- antibody
- a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
- active immunity
- an immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally in response to an infection or artificailly after administration of a vaccine
- passive immunity
- an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally thru the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies
- anisocytosis
- presence of red blood cells of unequal size
- pancytopenia
- an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
- erythropenia
- an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
- hemolysis
- breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
- immunocompromised
- impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy with immunosuppressive agents
- immunosuppression
- impaired ability to provide an immune response
- lymphadenopathy
- enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
- lymphocytopenia
- an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
- macrocytosis
- presence of large red blood cells
- microcytosis
- presence of small red blood cells
- neutropenia
- decrease in the number of neutrophils
- poikilocytosis
- presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells
- reticulocytosis
- increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood
- splenomegaly
- enlargemnt of the spleen
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologicdiseases to develop; transmitted sexually or thru contaminated blood
- anemia
- a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or pack red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues
- iron deficiency anemia
- a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin and small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin
- pernicious anemia
- a macrocytic normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12 causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape and reduced in number
- aplastic anemia
- a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
- Rh factor
- the presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a rxn between Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood
- Rh positive
- presence of antigens
- Rh negative
- absence of antigens
- hemochromatosis
- hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
- hemophilia
- group of hereditary bleeding disorders with a defect in clotting factors necessary for coagulation of blood
- leukemia
- chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
- myelodysplasia
- disorder within bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
- lymphoma
- any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin's disease
- metastasis
- process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; ____ is the plural form of the term, indicating the spread to two or more distant sites
- mononucleosis
- viral condition characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)
- polycythemia
- increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
- septicemia
- systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood
- thrombocytopenia
- bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process
- phlebotomy
- incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
- venipuncture
- incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
- blood chemistry
- test of the fluid portion of blood to measure amounts of chemical constituents (glucose and cholesterol)
- blood chemistry panels
- specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions, ie metabolic panel, lipid panel, arthritis panel
- basic metabolic panel
- battery of tests used as a general screen for disease: calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- comprehensive metabolic panel
- tests in addition to basic panel for expanded screening purpose: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT, and AST
- blood culture
- test to diagnose an infection in the bloodstream, by culturing a specimen of blood to encourage the growth of microorganisms, which are then identified
- ertyhrocyte sedimentation rate
- timed test that measures the reate at which red blood cells settle thru a volume of plasma
- partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
- test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders
- thromboplastin
- substance present in tissues, platelents, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
- prothrombin time
- test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
- prothrombin
- protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
- complete blood count (CBC)
- a common lab blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnosis incl the following four component tests
- white blood count (WBC)
- a count of the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter, obtained by manual or automated lab methods
- red blood count (RBC)
- a count of the number of red blood cells per cubic mellimeter, obtained manually or via automated lab methods
- hematocrit
- a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
- blood indices
- calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the avg size, hemoglobin, concertration, and content of red blood cells to classify an anemia
- mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)
- calc of the volume of indiv cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results: MCV = HCT/RBC
- mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)
- calc of content in weight of hemoglobin in the avg red blood cell using HGB and RBC results; MCH = HGB/RBC
- mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- calc of the avg hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results: MCHC = HGB/HCT
- differential count
- determination of the number of each typeof white blood cell (leukocyte) in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined
- red cell morphology
- as part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition, the size, and the shape of red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide are noted
- platelet count (PLT)
- calc of the number of thrombocytes in blood: normal is 150,000 to 450,000 per cubic millimeter
- bone marrow aspiration
- needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic exam
- lymphangiogram
- xray of a lymphnode or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium
- bone marrow transplant
- transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a dieseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
- lymphadenectomy
- removal of a lymph node
- lymphadenotomy
- incision into a lymph node
- lymph node dissection
- removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic exam
- splenectomy
- removal of the spleen
- thymectomy
- removal of the thymus gland
- blood transfusion
- introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
- autologous blood
- blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use
- homologous blood
- blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient
- blood component therapy
- transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma
- crossmatching
- a method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
- chemotherapy
- treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases wtih chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
- plasmapheresis
- removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (such as platelets) followed by reinfusion
- anticoagulant
- a drug that prevents blood clotting
- hemostatic
- a drug that stopes the flow of blood within the vessels
- vasoconstrictor
- a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
- vasodilator
- a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels thereby increasing blood flow