Psychology Prep Guides 5-9
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- what is the purpose of sensory adaptation?
- it diminishes the sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
- why is transduction so important?
- transduction is important because it converts our sensations into a message that our brain can interpret
- what will likely result if an individual experience a detached retina?
- transduction will not occur and they will only see black
- what is a negative afterimage? give an example.
- the after effect of staring at yellow, green, and black for too long. when you look away, you see the other colors; red where green should be, blue for yellow and white for black. stare at a green, yellow and black american flag until your eyes tire. then star at a white wall and you will the flag but with the opposite colors
- what is the two-point threshold and who discovered it?
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when a person touches another person in one place and then in another not far and the person thinks they touched them in the same spot.
Max Von Frey - describe how gate-control theory explains both our perceptions of pain an dhow psychological factors (cognitive and emotional) affect this perception.
- the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. the "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
- what is the cocktail party phenomenon and why is it important in relation to perception?
- when you focus on info that is personal
- what is inattentional blindness? give an example.
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attention is shifted from one object to another and we fail to notice changes in objects not receiving direct attention
there was a car accident and you are so focused on if the people involved are okay that you dont notice someone came behind you and stole your wallet - is it possible to process more than one stimulus at a time? why or why not?
- yes because a person can hear the oven go off while smelling that the food is delicious
- top down processing
- info processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
- how does the brain perceive motion?
- by comparing the movement of images across the retina to reference points that it assumes to be stable
- how do the three components of motivation work together to influence behavior?
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activation stage
persistence- continual effort
intensity- focused energy - intrinsic motivation
- the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake
- extrinsic motivation
- the desire to behave in certain ways to receive external rewards or avoid threated punishment
- drive reduction theory
- must be a need
- arousal theory
- mental stimulation
- maslows hierarchy of needs
- beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. once our lower-level needs are met, we are prompted to satisfy our higher-level needs.
- three components of emotion
- physical, cognitive, bahavior
- james-lange theory
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stimulus, physical, emotion
no cognitive thought
fight or flight - cannon-bard theory
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physical and emotion at the same time
correlated but not cause and effect - two-factor theory (Schachter-Singer theory)
- physical, cognitive, explanation of emotion
- lazarus theory
- cognitive, trigger stimulus, emotion, physical
- basic emotions (6 emotions)
- fear, anger, disgust, sadness, joy, surprise
- facial-feedback hypothesis
- make a certain facial feature, you feel the emotion through hormones released through experiences
- who is B.F. Skinner and why is his work important to the field of psychology?
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came up with the operant conditioning and we need to know the behavior
helped about learning and how the environment controls the behavior
manipulated behaviors using the environment
right motivator and inforcer - classical conditioning
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unaware about learning
physiological
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events - higher order conditioning
- a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus
- Pavlov
- taught a dog to associate food with a tone
- extinction
- always happens
- spontaneous recovering
- after 20 minutes, there will not be a recovering in classical conditioning
- stimulus leads to....
- response
- generalization
- tendency to respond; looking at a phone when it rings even though you know that it is not your ring tone
- discrimination
- not looking at your phone when you hear a ring tone because you cognitively know it is not your ring tone
- which aspect of classical conditioning process is most important?
- the pairing of conditioned with the unconditioned stimulus
- do you think watson could have just as easily conditioned a fear response to a flower or shoelace?
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yes
element of motivation - hwo is the knowledge of conditioned taste aversion useful in treating cancer patients?
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food + nausea = taste aversion
food + ice cream + nausea = taste aversion
cancer patients state to dislike the ice cream instead of the food they ate before coming in for treatment - Skinner says that....
- we need to find the motivation behind the person
- scientifically proven....
- that punishment does not work
- negative reinforcement
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give something to remove an adverse stimuli
ex: take medicine to get ride of a headache - fixed- ratio schedule
- after a # of responses reinforce by a reward
- variable-ratio schedule
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reinforcing a behavior after a various # of responses
the best schedule to avoid extinction - fixed-interval schedule
- behavior reinforced through a set time frame
- variable-interval schedule
- behavior reinforced through a varied time frame
- skinner box
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a rat presses a bar for a food reward
manipulated rats behavior through the environment
shaping the behavior - the puzzle box (Thorndike)
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used a fish reward to entice the cat to find their way out of a puzzle box through a series of maneuvers
accidental learning - on test
- describe what perspective we are coming from
- positive punishment
- adding a negative stimulus
- autokinetic illusion
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an unmoving light in a dark room appears to move
your eyes are moving, not teh light
in the dark, the brain has no stable reference point to determine what is moving - banduras bobo doll study
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we learn through observation
also learning aggression through observation and take it to the next level - sensation
- the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
- follow up study on bandura
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videotaped the study and found that children acted it out to the next level
controversial
does not see or learn consequences
can learn behavior though watching television - perception
- the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
- difference threshold
- the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. we experience difference threshold as just noticeable difference
- sensory adaptation
- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
- opponent-process theory
- the theory that opposin retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision
- depth perception
- the ability to see objects in three dimension although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance
- unconditioned response (UR)
- the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as salivation when food is in the mouth
- unconditioned stimulus (US)
- a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response
- conditioned response (CR)
- the learned response to a previously neutral, but not conditioned, stimulus
- conditioned stimulus (CS)
- an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
- extinction definition
- the diminishing of an conditioned response
- respondent behavior
- behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
- operant behavior
- behavior that operates on teh environment, producing consequences
- operant chamber (skinners box)
- a chamber containing a bar or key that n animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking
- shaping
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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior