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Terms

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Circuit
Two types of circuits: Series: if one light goes out, they all go out. This is because each lamp is a part of the circuit – lose a lamp – lose the circuit. Must use same wattage lamp. This circuit is considered “load sensitive”. Parallel: if one light goes out the rest stay lit. Various wattage lamps can occur on the same circuit. This circuit is not considered “load sensitive”. Gordon: pp. 135-137
Candela
Unit of luminous intensity. One candela is one lumen per steradian. Formerly called the candle.



Candlepower
Luminous intensity expressed in candelas.



Lumen
Unit of luminous flux; the flux emitted within a unit solid angle by a point source with a uniform luminous intensity of one candela. One footcandle is one lumen per square foot. One lux is one lumen per square meter.



Lux
One lumen per square meter. Unit of illuminance.



Luminance
At a point and in a given direction, the luminous intensity in the given direction produced by an element of the surface surrounding the point divided by the area of the projection of the element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. Units: candelas per unit area.



Illuminance
Density of luminous flux incident on a surface. Unit is footcandle or lux.



Footcandle
Illuminance produced on a surface one foot from a uniform point source of one candela.



What factors would you evaluate to determine if a lighting retrofit made sense?
⬢ Excessive Illuminance. A majority of spaces in the building are overlighted.
⬢ Inefficient Technology. The lighting equipment is more than 10 years old.
⬢ Poor Maintenance. Lamps are beyond their useful life and luminaires are poorly maintained.
⬢ Excessive Hours of Lighting Operation. Lighting is operated for more hours than needed.
⬢ High Electricity and/or Demand Charges. More money is saved per kWh or kW reduction.
⬢ Suboptimal Lighting Conditions. There are inadequate or poorly maintained lighting systems that need to be modified anyway.






What are some of the factors that would aid in the identification of existing lamps and their need to be upgraded?
Federal regulation – EPACT
Bubbling of glass
Color shift
Flickering
Low lumen output





What are key designs and shading devices to look for in areas with daylighting?
Light shelves
Building orientation
Louvers
Window position and size
Skylights







At what point in a lamps life cycle should a group re-lamping be performed and why?
70% - Due to the sharp increase in the mortality curve and lamp lumen depreciation.
What can impact Luminaire Dirt Depreciation on poorly maintained fixtures?
Type II - Roadway
Environment
Luminaire Cleaning Cycle

Name four light loss factors that can be improved through maintenance.
Lamp lumen depreciation
Room surface dirt depreciation
Luminance dirt depreciation
Lamp burnout




Lack of maintenance can have negative effects on the working environment. What are they?
Low Productivity
Poor morale
Images hard to see
Safety
Can’t perform tasks





How do you identify ballasts that contain PCBs?
Labelled
******************************
PCBs are found in fluorescent and high-intensity discharge (HID) ballasts manufactured through 1979 or lacking the label \"No PCBs\". DEHP has been found in ballasts designed for the following luminaires: 4-ft fluorescent luminaires manufactured between 1979 and 1985; 8-ft fluorescent luminaires manufactured between 1979 and 1991; and high intensity discharge (HID) luminaires manufactured between 1979 and 1991.



When replacing ballasts containing PCB\'s what should you do?
Contact the environmental authorities for the state in which you wish to dispose of the products. Intact fluorescent and HID ballasts that are not leaking PCBs may generally be disposed of in a municipal solid waste landfill. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recommended packing and sealing the intact ballasts in 55-gallon drums and encouraged disposal of PCB-containing ballast wastes through high temperature incineration, recycling, or a chemical or hazardous waste landfill. In addition, the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), which regulates the disposal of hazardous waste, has required building owners and waste generators to notify the National Response Center when disposing of a pound or more of PCBs (roughly equivalent to 12 to 16 PCB-containing fluorescent ballasts) in a 24-hour period. Leaking PCB-containing ballasts have been required to be incinerated at an EPA-approved high-temperature incinerator. CERCLA has also required National Response Center notification for disposal of 100 pounds or more of DEHP in a 24-hour period (approximately 1600 DEHP-containing fluorescent lighting ballasts).
When evaluating power quality, what are some important factors?
Harmonics
Power factor
Reliability



What is an automatic transfer switch and why is it used?
A device to transfer supply of power from the primary supply to a backup source of energy in the event of loss of primary power for critical systems and life safety. This device also isolates the primary source of power to prevent back feeding and causing an unsafe condition for workers attempting to repair the primary power problem.
What types of lighting control devices might be encountered during an audit?
All of them
Other than illuminance values, what other factors should be considered when evaluating existing lighting systems?
Quality of light
Efficiency
Reflectance
Glare
Age/deficiency
Maintenance
Daylighting
Lamp source








What are some methods used to collect data on hours of lighting operation?
Light logger
Light meter
Logging current



What utility information should be gathered during a lighting audit?
Peak demand
Time of day charges
Utility bills
Avail for hydro incentives




When doing a lighting survey, what types of questions should be asked of the occupants?
Age
Environment
Hours of use
Task
Speed importance
Quality






What is the difference between scotopic, mesopic and photopic vision?
Scotopic vision
low light conditions. (Rods only, no color perception)

Photopic vision
well-lit conditions (Cones, color perception)

Mesopic vision - intermediate lighting conditions. (Rods and Cones)





The retinal Illuminance of a 60-year old is about ____ per cent of a 20-year old.
50%
Presume you have completed a survey/audit for your project. You know the basics: lamp & ballast types, fixtures, controls, electrical system, etc. Explain how you would uncover design constraints for your project.
Plenum
Budget
Timeline
LED
Mechanical systems
Regulation






According to energy codes, what automatic control devices are approved for interior and exterior?
Occupancy sensors
Controls


What codes address safety & access?
NEC
NFPA
ADA



What codes must be considered when designing the emergency and exit lighting systems?
NEC
NFPA
ADA



How would you determine whether daylighting is a viable method for illuminating a particular space?
Window locations
Windpw orientations
Schedule of office personnel



Generally, daylighting saves energy; what problems does it create and how can we address these?
Heat
Glare
What is the Lumen Method for light level calculation?
Calculation of average illuminance
Lighting for a space affects and is affected by the contents and surfaces in a room: give some examples of how light affects the contents and surfaces in a room.
UV deterioration
High reflectance
Glare



Give some examples of how light is affected by the contents and surfaces in a room.
Reflectance
Define specularity.
Specular reflection is the mirror-like reflection of light (or of other kinds of wave) from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction (a ray) is reflected into a single outgoing direction.
How do you evaluate the psychological effects of light in a space?
Attendance
Sickness
Complaints



Outline how you would identify existing conditions for a lighting system.
Light readings
Audit


Develop a preliminary design concept.
- Evaluate ideas of owner, architect, interior designer
- Determine design objectives
- Determine lighting system



How would you estimate the project costs and the energy savings associated with your project?
Simple payback
Cost of light


Lighting controls have a significant impact on the overall savings and performance of a new lighting system. How would you go about evaluating the appropriate use of lighting controls for your project?
LEED
Energy savings
Simple payback
Time of use




Once installed, the operation and maintenance of the new lighting system could come back to haunt the owner. What steps can you take to ensure that the future operating and maintenance costs are as attractive as the benefits derived from the initial insta
Maintenance program / schedules
Commissioning


How would you go about evaluating the equipment and procedures recommended by your lighting design?
Life Cycle Cost Benefit Analysis
In addition to local and state-specific codes, what National codes must you keep in mind throughout the design and project implementation phases of the project?

ASHRAE 90.1
NEC
ADA
NFPA




How do local/national codes affect decisions regarding the types of equipment used and the methods of
disposal of old equipment?


EPACT
obsolete


Design Development Steps:
Compare and confirm design concepts with detailed technical analysis.
a. Review manufacturer\'s data
b. Gather photometrics
c. Perform calculations
d. Validate maintainability
e. Select equipment (lamps, ballasts, fixtures, etc.)





Design Development Steps:
Develop plans and specifications (include cross sections, details, etc.)
a. Mock up
b. Layout/drawings
c. Specifications and details
d. Custom fixtures




Design Development Steps:
Develop Controls concept
a. Review manufacturers data
b. Validate maintainability
c. Select equipment
d. Define control zones




What are photometrics and how are they used in the lighting design process?
Lamp charts
Distribution curves


What is Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) and how is it calculated?
VCP of 80 indcates that glare sensation is acceptable in 80% of the population

VCP addresses discomfort glare from:
soure luminance
luminances in field of vew
visual size of glare source








What are some shortcomings of the inverse square lighting calculation method?
One point only.
What formula is used to calculate the average maintained Illuminance on a horizontal surface?
Lumen method
What is the effect of grazing illumination on a surface?
Texture of surface becomes more obvious.
Under what circumstances might grazing be a detrimental effect?
Drywall, in which small anomalies will show.
When a lighting designer places luminaries and controls on the plans, what critical information must be provided for architect and/or client?
Cell height
Symbol legend & schedule
Notes



What plan, if included in the documents, can aid in ongoing effective operation of the lighting?
Maintenance plan
Omission of special conditions from the documents in a retrofit may affect what aspect of the project?
Inaccuracy of fixture placement, or lamp type.
In a Financial Analysis, which energy factors need to be assessed?
1. Energy rates
2. Energy costs
3. Energy usage



Financial Analysis:
What are the utility energy rate factors to consider when evaluating energy costs?
Kw/h
Peak demand
Charges
Time / year / day




Financial Analysis:
Other than the lighting energy, what factors may impact energy usage and should be considered when performing a lighting retrofit?
HVAC loads
Daylighting contributions
Controls



Financial Analysis:
What is luminaire efficacy?
How does efficacy differ from efficiency?

Lamp + fixture + ballast in %
Efficiency is lamp rating %


Financial Analysis:
What information is needed to calculate annual energy consumption?
SSC
- 1st Level
- Simple Payback
- Simple Rate of Return
- Cost of Light (older)

LSIN
- 2nd Level
- Life Cycle Cost/Benefit Analysis
- Savings Investment Ratio
- Internal Rate of Return
- Net Present Value










Financial Analysis:
How to Determine Initial Costs
1. Installation costs (e.g., equipment, labor & salvage)
2. Utility incentives/rebates
3. Value engineering



Financial Analysis:
First level and second level methods of evaluating project costs will provide different results in establishing a project budget. What are the two methods of evaluation and how do they differ?
1ST – simple, quick estimates

2nd – more complex, take interest to #’s account
(time value of #)




Financial Analysis:
What are utility rebate/incentive programs and what factors typically determine the rebate amount?
Rebates
Technology rebates
Qty of Rebates for Components
Performance-Based






Operating & Maintenance Costs:
What are the various financing methods available to an end-user, and how do they work?
Rebates
Direct assistance
Low interest loans
3rd party financing
Lease purchase
Shared savings
Rolling financing







Operating & Maintenance Costs:
Identify the steps required in establishing a successful lighting maintenance program?
Group relamping
Cleaning
Ongoing maintenance
Spot relamping
Education





Operating & Maintenance Costs:
What are the cost benefits of performing a group re-lamp rather than spot re-lamping?


Productivity
Room furniture + finishes
Cost of labour & equipment
Inventory!
Wholesale cost of lamps
Cost of damaged Ballasts/starters
Safety + security
Image with lumen depreciation
Spares









Operating & Maintenance Costs:
If a client were not sure of lighting maintenance system costs, how would you proceed?


- Provide maintenance tips and planned program
- 25%-50% reduction if no maintenance
- Recommend Lighting Maintenance company if they don’t have trained staff
- Provide Cost Benefit Analysis


System Costs:
Identify
1. Simple payback
2. Return on investments
3. Life cycle cost
4. Net savings calculations (potential savings comparison in dollars)




System Costs:
What information is needed to calculate the simple payback for a proposed lighting retrofit?
Cost = Parts + labour
Energy savings


System Costs:
Explain the differences between Life-Cycle Cost-Benefit Analysis and Simple Rate of Return/Simple Payback.
For LCCBA, time / value of money is considered.
System Costs:
What are the limitations of using Payback Period to compare design alternatives?
Some systems have longer life, req. less maintenance
Value engineering


Installation & Commissioning:
You are designing a large open office space with V.D.T. screens. Describe at least five issues that you and the owner need to consider before selecting a lighting system.
Illuminance on task/locations
Glare
Control zones
Ambient
Reflection
Daylight contributions






Installation & Commissioning:
A lighting supplier has offered a $20.00 deduction to the electrical contractor on each of the 60 recessed downlights. The downlights are a twin tube fluorescent with a normal power factor ballast. Why would you recomme
The ballast should be a high power factor (over 1.0).
Installation & Commissioning:
When using storage batteries as a source for power in emergency lighting systems how long should the battery carry the total load?


90 mins – 8 hrs
Installation & Commissioning:
Describe the proper maintenance and testing of the system.
Tested monthly
Installation & Commissioning:
You are writing the specifications for commissioning procedures for a daylighting system design. The design involves motorized louvers along with a photo sensor, and lighting control system with dimmable fluorescent lumi
1.When should commissioning begin?
100 hr burn in / After tenant has moved in

2. What two daylighting system elements require commissioning?
Photosensors, motorized louvers.

3. What element should be commissioned first?
Louver, Pcell, Controls system










Operations & Maintenance:
How should a group relamping and fixture cleaning schedule be determined?
60%-70% of lamp life
Environment (clean v. dirty)
Operations & Maintenance:
Lamp and ballast disposal is a serious concern for facility managers. Why should facility managers be concerned, and what should they know about disposal?
Mercury
Fires
PCBs
Recyclable


Operations & Maintenance:
What are the most environmentally correct procedures for the proper disposal of PCB ballast\'s and lamps.
Incineration of PCB’s after metals and plastic are removed for recycling.
Operations & Maintenance:
As a lighting designer it is important to include information in the Owners Operation and Maintenance Manual for lighting maintenance procedures. In order to effectively maintain design light levels what are the four strategie
Group relamping
Regular cleaning
Periodic maintenance
Education
Cost benefit





Operations & Maintenance:
What are the recoverable and non-recoverable light loss factors?
Non-Recoverable Light Loss Factors: preventative maintenance generally does not affect the extent of the light loss. These include
- ballast factor
- ambient fixture temperature
- supply voltage variation
- optical factor
- fixture depreciation

Recoverable Light Loss Factors: preventative maintenance can reduce the extent of the light loss. These include:
- lamp burnouts
- LDD (lamp lumen
depreciation)
- LDD (luminaire dirt
depreciation
- RSDD (room surface dirt
depreciation)

















Operations & Maintenance:
What are the steps to troubleshooting a lighting system where the lamp is flickering - for both fluorescent and HID systems?
Cold temperature
Air movement
Connected wires
Set too dimly
Line noise
Lamp needs replaced






Operations & Maintenance:
How can the performance and applicability of an installed lighting system change over the life of a system: specifically in the areas of maintenance tasks and equipment technology?


- Floor plan change
- Poor maintenance system
will lose light out



Regulatory Compliance:
Name relevant codes, regulations & guidelines
1. LER = rated lumens
times Ballast Factor
times Luminaire Efficacy
equals Input Watts
2. ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 (2001)
3. EPA (disposal)
4. EPACT (1992)
5. IESNA Recommended Practices
6. Life Safety Code (NFPA 101)
7. National Electric Code (NFPA 70)
8. Underwriters Laboratory











Regulatory Compliance:
What are the two methods for determining interior lighting power allowance (ILPA) for buildings.
- Space by space method
- Building Area Method,
warehouse generic spaces



Regulatory Compliance:
What is the difference beween \"Space by Space\" and \"Building Area Method\" (the two methods for determining Interior Lighting Power Allowance (ILPA)?


- Space by space has an additional 1W/sq ft
- LPD allowance for accent lighting (controlled separately)


Regulatory Compliance:
What means are available to lower interior lighting power allowance?




- Daylighting allowances.
- Borrowing from another space,i.e., controls.
Regulatory Compliance:
What size and mounting height apply to light fixtures in corridors?


When fixture is mounted between 27⬝-80⬝ it shall not protrude more than 4⬝.
Regulatory Compliance:
How long must emergency lighting stay on in the event of a power failure?
The emergency power system shall provide power for a duration of not less than 90 minutes and shall consist of storage batteries, unit equipment or an on site generator.\" (Building code)
Regulatory Compliance:
What information needs to be collected and documented when surveying an existing lighting design?
ESTABLISH A PLAN
1. Prioritize benefits
2. Gather education, training and resources
3. Prioritize use of labor
4. Collect building, lighting system, financial and occupant information
5. Determine required light levels and issues
6. Research financing opportunities
7. Establish lighting management controls
8. Luminaire options: determine light levels of luminaire options
9. Conduct economic analysis of options
10. Complete an environmental benefits assessment
11. Conduct a full economic analysis
12. Present proposal to decision makers
13. Conduct a trial installation
14. Full installation
15. Maintain the system
16. Monitor results
17. Market environmental commitment


















In order for a light source to be considered \"full spectrum\" or \"colorbalanced\"
it must meet or exceed the following three criteria:

1. The Color Temperature of the light source must be greater than 5000K
2. The Color Rendering Index (CRI) value for the light source must be > 90
3. The Chromaticity Values (x and y coordinates) must reside in the central white portion of the Black Body Locus


WHAT IS THE LAMP LIFE FOR:

Incandescent Filament
Tungsten Halogen
Metal Halide
Fluorescent
High Pressure Sodium
Mercury
Low Pressure Sodium









LAMP SOURCE v. LIFE (IN HOURS)

Incandescent Filament
1000-2000

Tungsten Halogen
100-2000

Metal Halide
6,000-20,000

Fluorescents
10,000-20,000

High Pressure Sodium
10,000-15,000

Mercury
12,000-24,000

Low Pressure Sodium
16,000






















Light sources for the human environment are evaluated and selected with respect to ...

Other considerations include ...

- lumen output
- lumen efficacy
- color temperature
- color rendering index
- lamp life


Other considerations include COSTS of:
- initial purchase & installation
- operation
- maintenance









Visual acuity increases with the addition of what color of light?
Blue.
The addition of blue light to the spectrum of any given lamp output improves what human response? (This response is improved in both low light and plentiful light.)
Visual acuity.
RATED LUMENS
A measurement of the power of light emitted from a source. The difference between LED lumen versus lumens from an incandescent or fluorescent source is that all of the lumen output is directed forward as opposed to a bulb where lumens come off the source in all directions. Lumens are lost on the back side of a bulb.
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD)
This value accounts for dirt or dust that accumulates on all of the room surfaces — especially on the upper walls and ceiling. RSDD is also estimated from handbook tables.
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)
LLD = (mean lumens/rated lumens)

Lamp lumen depreciation values reflect the overall performance of a lamp over its life. Those values can be found from the lamp manufacturer data.

Incandescent lamp light output is LEAST affected by
Over Voltage Operation
Shock and Vibration Conditions
Improper Sockets
IMPROPER BURNING POSITION


The ratio of mean lumens to rated lumens indicates ....
LAMP LUMEN DEPRECIATION

The NFPA requirement for emergency lighting in the path of egress is ...
1 FC Average
In Barrier-free public buildings, where emergency lighting codes prevail, illuminated exit signs must provided an extra warning for visually impaired visitors by ...
Flashing
In life cycle costing,the measure of results is expressed in ...
Net present value (key)
The lamp designations ES, SS, EW, and WM are for fluorescent lamps that ...
Are reduced-wattage alternatives
Group re-lamping of fluorescent luminaires is generally recommended .... when?
At 60 - 70% of rated life
Which of the following is a CIE/IESNA luminaire distribution classification category?
Semi-indirect
Concentrating
Forward Throw
Wall-Wash



Semi-indirect
A ray of incident light being reflected in one distinct direction is representative of what type of reflection?
Spread
Diffuse
Specular
Semi-Specular



Specular
the term 'luminaire' refers to ...
Complete Lighting Unit Including Lamps and Ballasts
Which of the following is the best definition of illuminance?
Time rate of flow of light energy
Luminous flux incident on an object per unit area
Flux density emitted from an object without regard for direction
Flux density emitted fro
Luminous flux incident on an object per unit area
Before construction is completed, the electrical contractor should notify the lighting designer of the anticipated completion date so that ...
... A schedule can be set for aiming and adjusting fixtures
Before the lighting system can be commissioned, the punch list ...
Must be completed and corrected
To ensure that the lighting design's projected energy savings are realized after the installation, the lighting designer must...

A Adjust occupancy sensors and dimmers

B Focus the adjustable accent lights

C Finalize the punch list<
Adjust occupancy sensors and dimmers
Definition:
LCCBA
Life Cycle Cost Benefit Analysis
ILPA
Interior Lighting Power Allowance

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