Psychology Exam Chapters 7 and *
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Rescorla-Wagner
- Association lab test with rats. give rats a tone w/o shock. 2nd group got shocked 1/2 the time. then got shocks with no tones. Found that the rats who heard the tone and then got shocked were more prepared for the shock. No prediction=no association
- Skinner- Operate Conditioning
- responses are controlled by their consequences. when consequence of response increases the behavior either increases or decreases
- supersticious behavior
- in animals- being trained. behavior that is accidently reinforced; repitition becomes comfortable
- amygdala
- brighter the better the memory; activates by emotion to say 'don't forget it' important
- man with the 20 minute memory
-
caused by viral encephilitis which destroyed his hyppocampus.
Actions- he records everything but he doenst awknowledge it as emotions. every moment is first awakening. has no memory of having aquired knowledge "unconcious"
did not lose precedural (what you do)
lost declarative (dates, names) - Classical
-
Two things collide
UCS, UCR, CS, CR - stimulus generalization
- generalize that association
- operant
- increases likelihood or repeated reinforcment
- reinforcers
- primary vs. secondary
- punishments
- immediate, harsh, consistant
- extinction
- responses leaves after association leaves; after a break in time, spontaneous reversal then drastic fall w/o association
- stimulus discrimination
- not generalize stimulers
- negative punishment
- removing pleasant stimuli
- learning
- a relativly permanent change in an organism's behavior do to experience
- associative learning
- learning that certain events occur together. the event may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
- Pavlov
- classical conditioning
- UCR- unconditional response
- the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the UCS such as salivation when food is in the mouth
- classical conditioning
- an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neural stimulus that signals a UCS begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditional stimulus.
- CR- conditioned response
- response to the previously neutral CS
- CS- conditioned stimulus
- an origionally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with a UCS comes to trigger a conditioned response
- aequisition in classical conditioning
- the initial stage. the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to a conditioned response.
- aequisition in operate conditioning
- the strengthening of a reinforced response
- behaviorism
- the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today argue with (1) but not (2)
- spontaneous recovery
- the reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response
- generalization
- the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
- discrimination
- the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
- operant conditioning
- responses are controlled by their consequences
- skinner
- respondant and operant behavior
- respondant behavior
- behavior that occurs as an automatic respnse to some stimulus
- operant behavior
-
research used for behavoir modification.
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences - Thorndike's principle of law of effect
- behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
- operant chamber/skinner box
- contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animals' rate of bar pressing or key pecking
- shaping (successive approximations)
- any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
- positive reinforcement
- strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response
- negaive reinforcment
- strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus
- primary reinforcer
- an innately reinforcing stiumulus such as one that satisfies a biological need like food, sex, and water
- secondary reinforcer/ conditional reinforcer
- a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. How to obtain primary reinforcer
- Schedules of Reinforcement
-
Ratio- depends on #
Interval- depends on time - continuous reinforcment
- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
- partial (intermitted) reinforcement
-
reinforcing a response only part of the time.
slower aquisition of response.
greater resistance to extinction.
GANBLING - FR- fixed ratio
-
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
depends on # of RESPONSES BEFORE REINFORCEMENT - VR- variable ratio
-
reinforces a response after an unpredictible number of responses.
depends on TIME BETWEEN REINFORCEMENT - I1- fixed interval
-
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
depends on TIME BETWEEN REINFORCEMENT - VI- variable interval
- reinforces a respnse at UNPREDICTALBE TIME intervals