World Hist- People
Set of world history people for our final.
Terms
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- Francis Bacon
- English scientist, stressed careful empirical evidence
- Charles Mantel
- 'The Hammer', founding member of Carolingian family, defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours (732), preserves Christianity in Europe, curbs spread of Islam
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- Italian renaissance author of The Prince, gave realistic ideas for seizing and maintaining throne for monarchs (a good monarch is feared)
- Sufis
- mystics within Islam, responsible for expansion of Islam to Southeastern Asia
- Alexander the Great
- successor of Philip II, conquered Persian empire prior to his death, attempted to combine Greek and Persian culture,established Alexandria
- Diocletian
- Roman emperor from 284 to 305 CE, restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection, however roots of decline were too much to stop
- Thomas More
- advisor to Henry IV, stagnant Catholic supporter, martyr
- Clovis
- Frankish Warrior Chieftain converted to Christianity
- Lao Tzu
- Laozi, founded Taoism, emerged at end of Zhou reign, embraces natures harmony and mystery
- Matteo Ricci
- along with Adam Schall, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won few converts to christianity
- Adam Smith
- Scottish economist/philosopher, "Wealth of Nations", self interest, competition, laissez faire
- Sundiata
- 'The Lion Prince', emperor of Mali, supported Islam, created basic rules and relationships for society and governments, created title of Mansa or emperor
- Constantine
- Roman emperor from 312 to 337 CE, established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually,
- Muhammad
- founder of Islam, 570 CE, Quraysh Clan, sucessful merchant/trader, receives revelation from Allah, fled to Medina
- Giotto
- Early Italian Renaissance painter "Madonna", 3rd dimensional images, emphasis on landscapes and people, shading and color, nature
- Kung Fuzi
- ancient Chinese philosopher, born in 6th century BCE, author of Analects; "Do unto others as their status and yours dictates"
- Abbasids
- party of Sunni Muslims, descendants of Muhammad's Uncle, ally with Shi'a and mawali, conquered Persia and Iraq and Syria, assassinate Umayyad clan, turn on allies, build new capital at Baghdad, claim absolute power over Islamic faithful, establish bureaucracy
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- English Enlightenment feminist, wrote "A Vindication for the Rights of Women"
- Sunnis
- supporters of Umayyads, majority of Muslims today, (caliphs)
- John/William Harvey
- English physician who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump,
- Alexis Romanov
- (Russia) Successor to Michael, 2nd Monarch, abolished assemblies of monarchs, strengthened ties to Orthodox Church
- Jean Calvin
- created Calvinism, believed in predestination, participation for all believers in church administration, popular education, adopted in Switzerland Germany and France
- Prince Henry The Navigator
- Portuguese monarch who sponsored expeditions to the African Coast and Western European islands (Madeiras, Azores, etc), created universities for shipbuilding and navigation
- Medicis
- successful Italian banking family
- John Locke
- English enlightenment thinker who believed people could everything that needed to know through logic and reasons, "An Essay On Human Understanding", influenced Declaration of Independence, despised by Catholic Church, believed governments succeeded through the power of the people, who should be allowed to overthrow rulers they saw unfit
- Erasmus of Rotterdam
- Dutch theologian who translated the bible out of Latin and into Greek
- Almoravids
- a puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of Northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of savanna and westward into Spain
- Xi Xia
- kingdom of Tangut people, north of Song kingdom, in mid 11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry
- Aztecs
- empire in central America, primarily mexico and Guatemala
- Cyril and Methodius
- missionaries sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted Southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity
- Vasco Da Gama
- Portuguese Explorer; first European to reach India by sea in 1498
- Catherine the Great
- German wife of Peter III takes over,successfully puts down Pugachev Rebellion, strengthens power of central government, disliked her son, enlightened ruler: western philosophers in court, western style legal codes, patronized arts and science, continues expansion into Ottoman empire and Sibera Alaska North America, Partitions of Poland
- Kublai Khan
- grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces, responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Yuan dynasty in China in 1271
- Jesus of Nazareth
- prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah executed circa 30 CE.
- Mansa Musa
- a successor of Sundiata, made pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, brought attention of Muslim world to wealth of Mali, distributed so much gold it caused inflation in areas he visited, brought Muslim poetry and architecture back to Mali
- Martin Luther
- German monk who posted the 99 Theses, led to reformation, ideas against catholic church: sacraments, celibacy for priests, indulgences, authority of Pope, vernacular bible. Followers created the Lutheran church.
- Hongwu
- originally a peasant Zhu Yuanzhang, he was the first Ming emperor, he drove out Mongol influence and revived the position of the scholarly gentry (civil service exam, public spankings etc).
- Ivan IV
- 'The Terrible', kills boyars and nobles, expansion, trade contacts with Western Europe, dies without male heir
- Almohadis
- a reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa
- Ivan III
- 'The Great', proclaims Russia as 3rd Rome, adopts name of Tsar, expansion into eastern Europe and central asia
- Ashikaga Takuaji
- Member of Minamoto family; overthrew Kamakura regime and established Ashikaga Shogunate from 1335-1373, drove out emperor
- Tsar Peter III
- nephew of Peter the Great, unable to rule due to mental retardation, married to Catherine the Great
- Denis Diderot
- assembled knowledge into "Encyclopedia"
- Yoritomo Minamoto
- leader of family who weakened authority by murdering members of his family and replacing them with Hojo advisors (JAPAN).
- Frederick The Great
- Prussian king of 18th century, enlightened despot, attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms to Germany, built on bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors, introduced freedom of religion, increased state control of the economy
- Charlemagne
- 'Charles the Great'; solidifies Holy Roman Empire (800), death led to split and development of separate languages
- Botticelli
- N/A
- Justinian
- Byzantine emperor, attempted to reconquer West and recreate Roman empire ultimately failed, married to manipulative Empress Theodora, physically rebuilding Constantinople (Hagia Sophia), systemized Roman legal code
- Fuggers
- successful banking family in Hapsburg's empire
- Thomas Aquinas
- Italian born monk, teacher at University of Paris, faith first, but faith can enhance reason, reason provides an understanding of natural order, moral law, nature of god, etc, summas, summa theologica,
- Shi'as
- 'party of Ali', have differences in belief, ritual, and religious law (imams, less followers, etc)
- Siddhartha Gautama
- Buddha, founded Buddhism in 563, hindu mystic who accepted spiritual truths of Hinduism, but rejected worldly concepts, particularly the caste system
- Incas
- empire in central America, primarily andes chile
- Chinggis Khan
- born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all MOngol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world
- Pericles
- Athenian political figure, responsible for a democratic structure in which each citizen could participate in city state assemblies to select officials to pass laws
- Bernard Clairvaux
- a powerful monk successfully challenged Abelard, believed that one could only recieve God's truth through faith, reason was dangerous and proud
- Benedict of Nursia
- founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine rule in the 6th century (work and pray)
- Peter Abelard
- scholar who applied reason and logic to theology
- Empress Wu
- Tang Ruler, attempted to make Buddhism state religion of China, reigned from 690-705, created giant statues of Buddha
- William The Conqueror
- Duke of Normandy, (French), introduces monarchial feudal system to England in 1066
- Admiral Zhenghe
- Chinese Eunuch, who led a series of seven trade expeditions to India, Africa, and MIddle East