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Historical Theology A-E

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Terms

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accommodation
idea to indicate God’s condescension in revelation; God communicating in human capacities
Age of Faith
– medieval period (1000-1500) due to the power of the church in society
allegorical Sense of Scripture
– one of four medieval senses of Scripture; a hidden meaning beyond the literal
analogical sense of Scripture
– one of the four medieval senses of Scripture: having a mystical, moral or spiritual application beyond the literal
analogical prediction –
used by Thomas Aquinas; uses analogy so humans can understand the characteristics of God albeit on a smaller scale
analogy, way of
- the way of attributing characteristics to God based on the concept of proportionality or similarity of relationships
analogy of being
– God as creator, humans creatures = legitimacy of using analogy for humans to speak of God
anima naturaliter Christiana –
Latin, Tertullian: “The soul is naturally Christian” each soul has a knowledge of God that can’t be destroyed
animal rationale
- human rational capacity corresponds to or participates in the divine mind
Anomoeans
– Extreme 4th century group; Father and Son has dissimilar natures
antinomianism
– no need of the Law of God in the Christian life
Antioch, Council of
– many councils that preceded to replace the Nicene Creed
Antioch, school of
– opposite of Alexandria; concern for the literal instead of allegorical interpretation of Scripture
Antiochene theology
- emphasized humanity of Jesus
Apollinarianism
– view of Apollinarius that Christ did not assume full human nature
Apostle’s Creed
– ascribed to the apostles, three articles devoted to the each member of the Trinity
Apostolic age
– A.D. 30-90 when original apostles still alive
Apostolic Fathers
– Early Christian Theologians of the first half of the 2nd century
apostolic succession
– episcopal succession for the apostles through the ages, crucial for ministry in the Roman Catholic church
apostolicity
– having the authority and sanction of the apostles
Arianism -
teaching of Arius; Jesus is the highest created being but not of the same substance as of God
Aristotleliamism –
Teachings of Aristotle; provided a philosophical framework for Christian theology at points
asceticism
– forms of discipline including renouncing of desires or pleasures for God’s will
Athanasian Creed
– aka “Quicunque Vult”; expounds orthodox Christian views of the Trinity and the incarnation
Athanasianism
– Views based on Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria, support Council of Nicene
atonement, theories models of
– different theological views of the way Christ’s death effects an atonement or God and humanity coming together
Augustine, Rule of St.
– a rule for the religious life attributed partially to Augustine of Hippo; emphasized life of love, community, obedience and service
Augustinian theodicy
– evil as part of the creation which is necessary in order for creation’s great good to be possible
Augustinianism
– Views that emerged from the teachings of Augustine
baptism of blood
– belief that martyrdom was equivalent of baptism for those who were not yet baptized yet were martyred
Basil, Rule of St.
– Two works of Basil the Great; parts of his ascetical theology
beatific vision
– Roman Catholic theology, the direct, joyful perception of God by angels and saints after death
Benedict, Rule of St.
- A rule for the religious life associated with Benedict; became primary basis for monastic practice
Benedictine order
– a group of monasteries adhering to the Order of St. Benedict; presided over by a primate in Rome
binitarianism
– The God head consisting of only Father and Son
bishop
- NT used synonymously with “presbyter”, came to mean senior pastor or pastoral oversight of a geological area
Byzantine period
– time period (4-14 century) when Byzantium ( Constantinople, Istanbul) were rule by Christian emperors
Caesaropapism
– form of government that rules church and state
Cappadocian Theologians (Fathers)
– 4th century theologians from Cappadocia concerned with establishing the doctrines of the trinity and Christology against Arianism
Carthage, Councils of
– four main groups of church councils were held at Carthage; dealt with matter including the problem of those who lapsed during Decian persecution and the rebaptism of heretics
catacombs
– underground tunnels used as burial grounds in which early Christians met for worship, mostly in Italy
catechesis
– Technical term used for instruction to those preparing for baptism or confirmation
catechetical schools
– schools begun by early Christians to teach the faith to the young
catechism
- a means of instruction, often in question and answer form that conveys a summary of Christian theological beliefs
catechumen
– one who is being instructed in the Christian faith, usually in terms of church membership
catherdra
– the bishop’s chair, Episcopal authority
C.E.
– Common Era, term used to designate the years since the birth of Jesus
celibacy
– state of being unmarried due to religious convictions
Chalcedon, Council of (451)
– Fourth ecumenical council, reaffirms the Christological statements of Nicaea 325 and Constantinople 381
Chalcedonian Christology
–teachings about the person of Christ in accord with the Chalcedon Council
Chalcedonian Definition
– teachings of the person of Jesus established by the Council
Christology, classical
– theological views of Christ from the first 5 centuries
Christology, patristic
– Views of Christ among the early church theologians
Christotokos
– term used by Nestorius to describe Mary
Christus Victur
– “Christ the Victor”; associated with the early church views of atonement
church fathers, early
– name given to important theologians from the NT to the 5th century
city of God
– portrayal of Augustine, in his book by the same name; human society controlled by love of God in conflict with the ……
classical theology
– reference to theological positions of first five centuries
conciliar
– relating to church concils such as Nicaea, Trent, and Vatican II
Constantinople, First Council 381
– 150 bishops condemned Arianism, Sabellianism, and Apollinarianism; reaffirmed and expanded the creed of Nicaea
Constantinople, Second Council 553 –
168 bishops nearly all Eastern representatives; condemned Nestorianism and Origenism, declared the perpetual virginity of Mary
Constantinople, Third Council 680-81 –
Sought to restore orthodoxy in the face of Islam’s advance, condemned Monothelitism
consubstantial
– “with or of the same nature and kind”
councils, church
– Gatherings of representative churches to discuss important issues
councils, ecumenical
– Gatherings of representatives from the ecumenical church to discuss important issues
creed
– a formal statement of belief
Creed, the
– a common reference to the Apostles’ Creed as the most widely used creed in the Western Church
Crusades
– Military campaigns led by the Western church during the periods 1095-1221 to gain control of the Holy Land
Cur Deus homo?
– “Why did God become human?” a basic theological question relating to the incarnation used by Anselm of Canterbury
Dark Ages
– Time between fall of Rome (5th century) to Renaissance (16th century)
deacon/deaconess
– a church office originating from those who served at meals to mean many ideas today
deification
– elevation to a position of a god
demiurge
a Platonic view of a god as one who crafts the world as a sculptor would shape a pice of stone or clay
desert fathers and mothers
– Early Christian spiritual leaders who lived in the desert of Egypt to live a life of devotion to God
Didache
– the teaching about the Christian Faith conveyed to new converts
diophysite
– theological term for the view that two natures divine and human were present in Christ
divinization
– beginning a process of uniting human and divine completed at the resurrection
Docetism
– the belief that Jesus only appeared to be human and to a have a human body
doctors, scholastic
– term for significant theological teacher and other in the medieval period
doctors of the church
– R. Catholic theology; thirty some theologians that have been prominent, recognized and canonized
doctrine
– That which is believed and taught by the church
dogma –
a teaching or doctrine which has received official church status of truth
Dominican order
– the Order of Preachers founded by Dominic de Guzman to share in the ministry of the Word
Donatism
– North African separatist movement by Donatus; did not want those lapsed to be reinstated
dualism
– any view that is constituted by two basic principles
Dyphysitism
– the view that Christ has two natures, divine and human, inextricably united
Dyothelitism
– view that Jesus had two wills, divine and human , never conflicting
Eastern Orthodox Church
– churches rooted in the split between western and eastern churches in 1054
Eastern Orthodoxy
– theological views of Eastern Orthodox churches
Ebionism
– early heretical sect of Jewish Christians; stressed Mosaic Law and that Christ became the Son of God only after baptism
Ebionites
– a group of Jewish Christians who practiced an ascetic lifestyles for 200 after Christ, practice ritual cleansings and baptisms
Ephesus, Council of
– 3rd ecumenical council condemned Nestorianism and Pelagianism while reaffirming the unity of the person of Jesus
Ephesus, Robber Synod of 449
– church council at Ephesus that reinstated Eutyches and asserted the view of two natures heretical; overturned by Council of Chalcedon 451
Eutychianism
– teachings of Eutyches; that Jesus had only one nature
excommunication
– Ecclesiastical sanctions that cuts one off from the church and its benefits
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