Hans Eysenck
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- Like Cattell, Eysenck also used factor analysis with his theory. Eysenck believed that factors themselves are subjected to additional analysis to discover these...
- superfactors or types
- Like Cattell, Eysenck also used factor analysis with his theory. Eysenck believed that factors themselves are subjected to additional analysis to discover these...
- superfactors or types
- Eysenck\'s approach to research that begins w/ a hypothesis, then deduces testable predictions from the hypothesis & then gathers data to determine whether the predictions are accurate
- hypothetico-deductive reasoning
- the emotional, motivational, and non-ability related cognitive aspects of behavior *The focus of Eysenck\'s formal theory of personality.
- temperament
- historical roots of Eysenck\'s theory was based on this
- Jung\'s hypothesis: -Introvert vs. Extrovert
- these types of people are usually characterized by symptoms of anxiety, sensitivity & fatigue (also called Dysthymic)
- Neurotic Introvert
- these particular types of people are often experience symptoms of hysteria or some other external form
- Neurotic extrovert \'hysteric\'- refers to the disordered neurotic extrovert
- Eysenck states that psychiatric patients (& personalities in general) were described by 3 major independent types or superfactors
- N- Neuroticism vs. Stability: most severe patients labeled Dysthymic(depression) E- Extroversion vs. Introversion: most severe patients labeled Hysteric P- Psychoticism: those patients who suffered from a psychotic disorder
- Eysenck was intrerested in the biological bases of personality and borrowed ideas from Pavlov and Hull
- ideas about excitation and inhibition
- a decrease in a conditioned response due to muscular/neural fatigue (Clark Hull)
- Reactive Inhibition
- a general class of theories that assumes behavior is partly a function of the general state of arousal (excitation) or derousal (inhibition) of the cortex and/or other brain structures
- Arousal theory (Introvert\'s brain has higher levels of neural activity; EP\'s are strong and are generated quickly; reactive inhibitions develop slowly and dissipate quickly
- Controls introversion/ extro-version responsible for patterns of excitation and inhibition of the cerebral cortex
- Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
- Controls neuroticism regulates emotional expression & controls the autonomic nervous system
- Visceral Brain (VB) or Limbic System
- high ARAS high VB
- neurotic introvert
- high ARAS low VB
- normal introvert
- low ARAS high VB
- neurotic extrovert
- low ARAS low VB
- normal extrovert
- In order to demonstrate a bio basis for P, E, and N, 4 criteria must be met:
- 1-data must demonstrate heritability 2-confirm similar traits of P,E, and N in non-human animals 3-evidence of P,E, and N must be found cross-culturally 4-P,E, and N must be found to be stable over time
- According to Eysenck, this is caused by abnormally high levels of the 3 superfactors that characterize all personality. Quantitative in nature
- psychopathology
- Eysenck believed psychotherapy
- should always be derived from empirical data and principles that have been shown to be effective
- Criticisms of Eysenck:
- 1- too subjective 2- behavior is not as consistent as factor theories suggest 3- excessive emphasis on groups and averages
- Eysenck\'s contribution: farewell to mythical psychology:
- Eysenck emphasized scientific, empirical research and challenged other psychologists to subject their theories to the same scrutiny