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Chapter One

Terms

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Achievement Culture (Hofstede)
societies that place a high value on material success and focus on the task at hand; "masuline" and "hard"; different male female roles
Berger's strategies to improve intercultural communication
passive observation; active strategies; self-disclosure
Causes of low self-esteem
obsolete information; distorted feedback; myth of perfection; emphasis on modesty
Characteristics of Com. Competence
A large repertoire of skills; adaptibility; ability to perform skillfully; involvement; empathy/perspective taking; cognitive complexity; self-monitoring
Characteristics of identity management
we strive to create multiple identities; i.m. is collaborative; can be deliberative or unconscious; degrees of i.m. differ
characteristics of interpersonal com
uniqueness irreplaceablity interdependence disclosure intrinsic rewards
Characteristics of the self-concept
subjective; if healthy it is flexible; resists change
coculture
the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture ex: age, gender, sexual orientation
cognitive conservatism
the tendency to seek information that conforms to an existing self-concept
Collectivistic Cultures
feel loyaly to an in-group; concerned with the opinions of significant others; define themselves by membership; indirect approaches that maintain harmony; team players
Communication
an ongoing, transactional process in which individuals exchange messages whose meanings are influenced by the history of the relationship and the experiences of the participants
Communication Competence
Effective com. involves achieving one's goals in a manner that ideally maintains or enhances the relationship in which it occurs -there is no single effective way to communicate -competence is situational and can be learned
Communication Misconceptions
1)Not All Com. seeks understanding 2) More Com is not always better 3) Com will not solve all problems 4) Effective com is not a natural ability
Components of Intercultural Communication Competence
motivation and attitude(tolerance for ambiguity and openmindedness); knowledge; skill
dimensions of knowledge and skill
displays of respect; interaction management; task role behavior; relational role behavior
Ethnic Group
A Collection of people who share customs, characteristics, language, common history, or geographic origin
Feedback
the discernible response of a receiver to a sender's feedback
High power distance cultures
Children should obey unquestioningly; power comes with age; by-the-book learning; no questions aske
High uncertainty avoidance
deviante people are dangerous; intolerance is high; clearly defined rules and regulations
High-Context culture (Hall)
rely on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony, indirect expression of opinions, talk "around" the point, ambiguity and silence admired
How one develops self-concept
Reflected appraisal (perceptions of the judgements of those around oneself) and social comparison (evaluating oneself in terms of how one compares to others)
How to change your self-concept
have realistic expectations; have a realistic perception of yourself; have the will to change; have the skill to change
identity management
the com. strategies people use to influence how others view them
Individualistic culture
What to help themselves; sel-freliance and competiton; view themselves in terms of what they do; "I" orientation; tolerant of conflict; produce and reward superstars
Interactive Com Model
Person A and B are in overlapping separate environments. Person A (S1) Behaves and sends a message through a channel which Person B (R1) decodes. Person B simultaneously behaves (S2), sending feedback through a channel to Person A (R2) who decodes the f
Linear Communication Model
Sender encodes a message and conveys this message to a receiver through a channel. The receiver then decodes the message. Noise interferes with accurate decoding.
Linguistic Determinism
the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak
linguistic relativism
moderate form of linguistic determinism; language exerts a strong influence on perceptions
Low power distance cultures (Hofstede)
minimize difference between social classes; one person is as good as another; challenge authority; showing initiative and questioning is rewarded for students
Low Uncertainty Avoidance
less threatened by new; welcome or tolerate unusual people; following rule and patterns isn't always expected
Low-Context Culture (Hall)
Uses language to express thoughts, feelings and ideas clearly and logically. They mean what they say. self-expression, ,clear speech and verbal fluency admired
Needs Satisfied by Communication
Physical Needs - health Identity Needs - identification of self as human being Social needs - primary way relationships are created Practical Needs - getting stuff done
Noise (and Types of)
Interference with the message - External Noise - those factors outside the receiver that make it difficult to hear or cause distractions; ex: sitting in the back of the room Physiological Noise - biological factors in the receiver that interfere with ac
Nurturing Culture
regard support of relationships as especially important goal; little male female difference; cooperation, team player; personal relationships = material achievement
Power Distance
the degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power
Principles of Communication
1) Com can be Intentional or Unintentional 2) All Messages have a content and a relational Dimension 3) Communication is Irreversible 4) Communication is unrepeatable
Problems with Interactive Model
Portrays com as a static activity, suggesting that there are acts of communication beginning and ending at identifiable times, and that a sender's message causes some effect in a receiver. Suggest that at any moment a person is either giving or receiving
Problems with the linear model
Linear model assumes messages need encoding, but what about nonverbal bessages? Replaces "encoding" with "behavior"; Linear suggests com flows in one direction
qualitative def. of interpersonal com
interpersonal communication occurs when people treat one another as unique individuals, regardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people is invovled. The opposite is impersonal interaction.
Quantitative def. of Interpersonal com
any interaction between two people, usually face to face - dyadic. Opposite is group or mass com.
Race
Physical characteristics
Requirements for an appraisal (redefinition of your self-concept) to be regarded as important
someone we see as competent must offer it; a. must be seen as personal; reasonable in light of what i believe about myself; a. consistent and numerous
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
declaration of linguistic determinism
Social Needs satisfied by Com.
pleasure affection Inclusion Escape Relaxation Control
stages of self-fulfilling prophecy
1) holding an expectation; 2) behaving in accordance with expectation; 3) expecat. coming to pass; 4) reinforincg original expectation
third culture
culture created when communicators establish a unique relationship with high intercultural and interpersonal significance
Transactional Communication Model
Communicator A responds and decodes messages and feedback through a channel with Communicator B, who is also decoding and responding. Each have overlapping environments and noise is distracting both.
Types of cultural differences in verbal style (3)
Directness; elaborate vs. succint; formality vs. informality
types of self
perceived/private self (the person you honestly believe you are); presenting/public self (the way you want to appear to others)
Uncertainty Avoidance
The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them (Hofstede)
Why Transactional Model is good
Shows simulataneous nature of com Shows difficulty in isolating a specific "act" of com degree of mutual influnece
Access
Availability of indiviual to receiver HC services needed
Managed Care
Seeks to manage utilization of medical services, price, and now providers are paid
Capitation
A payment mechanism where all services are included under one set fee per covered individually

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