Chemistry semester exam
Terms
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- chemical reaction
- the cahnge of one or more substances
- chemical property
- a property that can be observed only when there is a change in the substance
- chemistry
- the science that investigates and explains the structure and properties of matter
- covalent bond
- the attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons
- crystal
- a regular, repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in three dimensons
- deliquescent
- a substance that takes up enough water from the air that it dissolves completely to a liquid solution
- distilation
- the method of separating substances in a mixture by evaporation of a liquid and subsequent condensation of its vapor
- electrolyte
- any compound that conducts electricity when metlted or dissolved in water
- electron
- negatively charged particle
- electron cloud
- the space around the nucleus of an atom where the atom's electrons are found
- electron configuration
- the most stable arrangement of electons in sublevels and orbitals
- element
- a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
- endothermic
- chemical reaction that absorbs
- energy
- the capacity to do work
- energy level
- the regions of space in which electrons can move about the nucleus of an atom
- exothermic
- chemical reaction that gives off energy
- gas
- a flowing compressible substance with no definite volume or shape
- halogen
- any element from group 17
- hydrate
- a compound which there is a specific ration of water to ionic compound
- hydrocarbon
- a subatance that absorbs water molecules from the air to become a hydrate
- hydroscopic
- a substance that absorbs water molecules from the air to become a hydrate
- hypothesis
- a prediction that can be tested to explain observations
- inner tranistion element
- one of the elements in the two tows of elements below the main body of the periodic table: the lanthinides and the actinides
- inorganic compound
- a compound that does not contain carbon
- covalent compound
- a compound whose atoms are held together by covalent bonds
- group
- the elements in a vertical column of the periodic table
- insoluble
- term describing a compound that does not dissolve in liquid
- compound
- a chemical combination of two or more different elements joined together in a fixed proportion
- formula
- a combination of chemical symbols that show what elements make up a compound and the number of atoms of each element
- ion
- an atom or group of combined atoms that has a charge because of the loss or gain of electrons
- ionic bond
- the strong attractive force between ions of opposite charge
- ionic compound
- a compound comprised of ions
- isotope
- any of two or more atoms of an element that are chemically alike but hace different masses
- joule
- the SI unit of energy
- kelvin (K)
- a division of the Kelvin scale; the SI unit of temperature
- lanthanide
- one of the first series of inner transition elements with atomic numbers 58 to 71
- law of conservation of mass
- in a chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed
- law of definite proportions
- the principle that the elements that comprise a compund are always in a certain proportion by mass
- lewis dot diagram
- a diagram where dots or other small symbols are placed around the cheimical symbol of an element to illustrate its valence electrons
- mass
- the measure of the amount of matter an object contains
- mass number
- the sum of the neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom
- matter
- anything that takes up space and has mass
- metal
- an element that has luster, conducts heat and electricity and usually bends without breaking
- mixture
- a combination of two or more substances in which thw basic of identity of each substance is not changed
- molar mass
- the mass of one mole of a pure substance
- mole
- the unit used to count numbers of atoms, molecules, or formula units of substances
- molecular mass
- the mass in atomic mass units of one molecule of a covalent compound
- molecule
- an uncharged group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
- neutron
- a subatomic particle with a mass equal to a proton but no electrical charge
- noble gas
- any element from group 18 that has a full compliment of valence electrons and as such is non reactive
- noble gas configuration
- a state of an element achieved by having the same valence electron configuration as a noble gas atom; the most stable confuguration
- nonmetal
- an element that in general does not conduct electricty, is a poor conductor of heat, and is brittle at room temperature. Many are gases at room temperature
- octet rule
- the model of chemical stability that states that atoms become stable by having 8 electrons in their outer energy level execept for some of the smallest atoms, which only have 2 electrons
- orbital
- the space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
- organic compound
- a compound that contains carbon; few exceptions exsist
- oxidation
- a reaction in which an element loses electrons
- oxidation number
- the charge on an ion or an element; can be positive or negative
- pascal (Pa)
- the SI unit for measuring pressure
- period
- a horizontal row in the periodic table
- periodic law
- the statement that the physical and chemical properties of an element repeat in a regular pattern when they are arranged in order of increasing atomic number
- periodicity
- the tendency to reoccur at regualar intervals
- physical change
- a change in matter where its identity does not change
- physical property
- a charateristic of matter that is exhibited without a change in identity
- polyatomic ion
- an ion that consists of 2 or more different elements
- property
- the characteristics of matter, how it behaves
- proton
- a positively charged subatomic particle
- qualitive
- an observation made without measurement
- quantitive
- an observation made with measurement
- scientific law
- a fact of nature that is observed so often that it is accepted as the truth
- semiconductor
- an element that does not conduct electricity as well as a metal but that does conduct slightly better than a nonmetal
- soluble
- term describing a substance that dissolves in a liquid
- solute
- the substance that is being dissolved when making a solution
- solution
- a mixture that is the same throughout, or heterogenus
- solvent
- the substance that dissolves the solute when making a solution
- stoichiometry
- the study of relationships between measurable quantities, such as mass and volume, and the number of atoms in a chemical reaction
- sublevel
- the small energy divisons given in a energy level
- sustance
- matter with the same fixed compostion and properties
- theory
- an explanation based on many observations and supported by the results of many experiments
- transition element
- any of the elements in group three through group twelve of the periodic table, all of which are metals
- valence electron
- an electron in the outermost energy level of an atom
- volatile
- description of a substance that easily changes to a gas at room temperature
- akali metal
- any element from group 1
- akali earth metal
- any element from group 2
- allotrope
- any of two or more molecules of a single element that have different crystalline ir molecular structures
- alloy
- a solid solution containing different metals, and sometimes nonmetallic substances
- anion
- a negative ion
- aqueous solution
- a solution in which the solvent is water
- atom
- the smallest particle of a given type of matter
- atomic number
- the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
- atomiv theory
- the idea that matter is made up of fundamental particles called atoms
- atomic theory
- the idea that matter is made up of fundamental particles called atoms
- Avogadro constant
- the number of things in one mole of a substance, specifically 6.02x10²³
- Avogadro's priciple
- a statement that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of particles
- binary compound
- a compound that contains only 2 elements
- boiling point
- the temperature of a liquid where its vapor pressure equals the pressure exerted on the surface
- SI
- Internation system of units
- SI length unit
- meter (m)
- SI mass unit
- kilogram (kg)
- SI time unit
- second (s)
- SI temperature unit
- kelvin (K)
- SI unit of the amount of substance
- mole (mol)
- SI unit of electric current
- ampere (A)
- SI unit of luminous intensity
- candela (cd)
- SI unit of area
- m²
- SI unit of volume
- m³
- SI unity of mass density
- kg/m³
- SI unit of energy
- joule (J)
- SI unit of pressure
- pascal (P)
- SI unit of Electric potential
- volt (V)
- Metric unit of volume
- liter (L)
- Metric unit of temperature
- Celcius (C°)
- metric unit of energy
- calorie (cal)
- giga-
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Symbol:G
Meaning:billion
Numerical value:1,000,000,000
Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^9 - mega-
-
Symbol: M
Meaning:million
Numerical value: 1,000,000
Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^6 - kilo-
-
Symbol: k
Meaning:thousand
Numerical value: 1,000
Expressed in scientific notation:1x10^3 - deci-
-
Symbol: d
Meaning: tenth
Numerical value: 0.1
Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-1 - centi-
-
Symbol: c
Meaning:hundreth
Numerical value:0.01
Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-2 - milli
-
Symbol:m
Meaning:thousandth
Numerical value: 0.001
Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-6 - micro-
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Symbol: backwards u and l conjoined
Meaning: millionth
Numerical value: 0.000001
Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-6 - nano-
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Symbol:n
Meaning: billionth
Numerical value: 0.000 000 001
Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-9 - pico-
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Symbol: p
Meaning: trillionth
Numerical value: 0.000 000 000 001
Expressed in scientific notation: 1x10^-12 - accuracy
- how close the measurement is to the accepted value
- precise
- the repeatablitiy of a measurement
- Celcius to kelvins
- add 273
- kelvins to Celcius
- subtract 273
- Farenheight to Celcius
- subtract 32
- Celsius to Fahrenheit
- add 32