social studies ch. 5
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- what seas were important for the greeks?
- aegean, ionian, and black sea
- why was sea travel and trade important for the greeks?
- greece was poor in natural resources
- what kind of land was in ancientgreece?
- rugged mountains
- how much of greece did mountains cover?
- 3/4
- why was greek never able to support a large population?
- little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation
- what was the climate of greece like?
- varied temperatures
- mycenaeans
- some of the people who migrated from the steppes and settled around the greek mainland
- mycenae
-
mycenaeans leading city
located on a steep, rocky ridge and surrounded by a wall - bronze age
-
2000-1100 bc
kings during this time had bronze weapons - crete
- mycenaeans invaded crete, ruled by minoans
- trojan war-people fighting
- mycenaeans vs. troy, city in anatolia
- why was the trojan war fought?
- legend: a greek army besieged and detroyed troy bc a trojan youth had kidnapped helen, wife of greek king
- what is another reason that the trojan war couldve gone on?
- struggle for control of a crucial waterway in the aegean sea
- dorians
- new group of people who moved into this war-torn countryside of mycenae after the trojan war. spoke a dialect of greek and were distant relatives of greeks
- what happened during the dorian age?
-
-economy collapsed and trade eventually came to standstill
-greeks temporarily forgot the art of writing during the dorian age
-no written records exist - homer
- blind man who composed epics about the trojan war
- what 2 epics did homer write?
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
- epics
- narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds
- myths
- tradional stories the greeks wrote about their gods
- what were greek gods like?
- they had human qualities..fought and competed w/ each other but lived forever
- what were myths written for?
- sought to understand and explain the mysteries of nature and power of human passions
- polis
- greek city state- a city and its surrounding countryside
- acropolis
- a fortified hilltop in a polis where male citizens fathered to conduct business
- monarchy
-
-state ruled by a king
-rule is hereditary
-some rulers claim divide right - what gov. practiced monarchy?
- practiced in mycenae
- aristocracy
-
-state ruled by nobility
-rule is hereditary and based on land ownership
-social status and wealth support rulers authority - where was aristocracy practiced
- practiced in athens
- oligarchy
-
state ruled by small groups of citizens
-rule is based on wealth
-ruling group controls military - where was an oligarchy practiced
- sparta
- direct democracy
-
-state ruled by its citizens
-rule is based on citizenship
-majority rule decides vote - where was direct democracy practiced?
- athens
- phalanx
-
the most pwerful fighting force in the ancient world
-foot soliders called hoplites stood side by side holding a spear in one hand nd a shield in the other - tyrant
- powerful individuals who gained control of the government by appealing to the poor and discontenteed for support
- what was different about sparta?
- it built a military state
- helots
- sparta conquered messenia and the messenians became peasants forced to stay on the land they worked. spartans collected yearly crop
- what 2 groups governed sparta?
-
1. assembly-composed of all free adult males, elected officials, and voted on major issues
2. council of elders-proposed laws on which assembly voted - spartan society
-
1. citizens-included ruling families who owned the land
2. noncitizens but free, workers
3. helots
4. slaves - education in sparta
-
military traning for men
woman played sports but could not vote - what were woman in athens expected to do?
- stay home and raise children
- why did spartans have no art?
- they were too into their military
- who were considered citizens in athens?
- -only free adult males
- cylon
- athenian nobleman -established a tyranny in athens and had draco write athens first code of laws
- persian wars who was it between
- between greece and persian empire
- persian wars-why?
- greeks were settled in anatolia but persians conquered the area.greeks won
- consequences of persian wards
-
athens became leader of an alliance of 140 city-states called the delian league
drove persians away - pericles 3 goals for athens
-
1. to strengthen Athenian democracy
2. to hold and strengthen the empire
3. to glorify athens - pericles
- wise and able statesman that led athens during its golden age
- how did pericles strengthen democracy?
-
-increased number of paid public officials
- - what did pericles use money for?
-
to enlarge power
build strong navy-needed bc it helped athens strengthen the safety of its empire
beautify athens - classical art
- art with the standard values of order, balance, and proportion
- phidias
- scuulptor in athens
- tragedy
-
-serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal
-featured a main chacter, or tragic hero - famous people who wrote tragedies in athens
- aeschylus, sophocles, and euripedes
- comedy
- contained scenes with slap-stick situations and crude humor
- people who wrote comedies
- arisophanes
- peloponnesian war between who?
- athens and sparta
- peloponnesian war-why?
-
ATHENS BECAME VAST NAVAL EMPIRE
many people believed war was inevitable..just fought - end of peloponnesian war
- athens surrended to sparta and lost its empire, power and wealth
- philosophers
- thinkers in greek determined to seek truth
- what did freekt thinkers base their philosophy on?
-
1. universe is put together in an orderly way and subject to absolute and unchanging laws
2. people can understand these laws through logic and reason - sophists
- group of philosophers who questioned people's unexamined beliefs and ideas about justice
- socrates
-
critic of sophists
believed absolute standards did not exist for truth and justice
encouraged greeks to go further and question themselves and their moral character - plato
-
student of socrates
wrote down convos of socrates
wrote The Republic - what was platos idea of a perfectly governed society?
-
all citizens would fall naturally into three groups:
1. farmers and artisans 2) warriors
3) the ruling class
smartest person would be philosopher king - aristotle
-
philosopher who questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge
invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic
applied his methods to problems in psychology, physics, and biologytutored alexander, son of king philip of macedonia - macedonia
- kingdom just north of greece
- macedonians
-
spoke language related to greek
considered themselves greeks but greeks considered them outsiders - philip II
- king of macedonia-organized the army
- what did philip plan to do?
- invade greece
- demosthenes
- athenian orator who tried to warn greeks that king philip and his army were gonna unite against them
- after philip conquered greece, what did he plan to invade?
- persia
- why did he never get to invade persia?
- a former guardsman stabbed him to death
- alexander the great
- philips son who became king of macedonia when he died
- did alexander defeat persia?
- yes
- darius III
- king of persian who tried to crush mecedonians but couldnt so he tried to negotiate a peacce settlement but alexander didnt accept and conquered the egyptians
- what happened when alexander went to find darius?
- he found him dead, killed by one of his provincial governors
- what else did aleander conquered?
- capitals of babylon, susa, and persepolis, india
- hellenistic culture
- greek culture that blended with egyptian, persian, and indian influences
- koine
- the popular spoken language used in hellenistic cities like alexandria
- alexandria
- african hhellenistic city-foremost center of commerce and hellenistic civilization
- aristarchus
-
atronomer who came up w/ 2 conclusions:
1. the sun was at least 300 times larger than the earth
2. proposed that earth and planets revolve around the sun - eratosthenes
-
closely calculated the earths true size
director of alexandrian library
computed earths circumference - euclid
-
matmetician who opened a school of geometry in alexandria
wrote elements about geometry compositions and proofs - archimedes
-
hellenistic scientist who correctly estimated the value of pi
explained the law of lever and created the compound pulley
invented archimedes screw - zeno
- greek philosopher who founded the school of philosophy called stoicism
- what did stoics believe?
-
a divine power controlled the universe
people shud live in harmony w// natural law
human desires, power, and wealth were dangerous distractions - epicurus
- founded the school of though called epicureanism
- what did epicurus teach?
-
the universe was composed of atoms and ruled by gods who had no interest in humans
only real objects were those perceived by 5 senses
proposed that main goal of humans was to achieve harmony of body and mind - colossus of rhodes
-
bronze statue that stood more than 100 feet high
-was created on the island of rhodes
-was one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world
-was knocked down by an earthquake