gsci 101
Terms
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- 4 parts of scientific method?
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1. observation
2. identify patterns and regularities
3.hypothesis and theory
4. prediction and testing - biodiversity
- the number of different species that coexist in an area.
- independent variable
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what the experimenter varies
(amount and types of nutrients) - dependent variable
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what changes as a result of independent variable variations
(biodiversity + biomass) - pseudoscience
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fails the test that defines the sciences: cannot be reproducibly tested. Falls outside the domain of science, into the domains of belief or Dogma.
e.g.: creationism, extrasensory perception, UFO's, astrology. - organization of science (Branches)
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-Physics
-Chemistry
-Astronomy
-Geology
-Biology - Basic Research
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-knowledge for it's own sake
-Primary goal- not for societal impact.
-payoff years later - Applied Research
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Specific-practical goal- direct benefit to society, wish to develop technology
- more of a quick payoff - Technology
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-Applied research on a greater scale
-Research and Development Projects - Funding for Science
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-Federal Government Agencies --> 2002 budget $100 billion
-NSF
-NIH
-Dept. of Energy
-EPA
-NASA
-Dept. of Defense
Businesses
-Pfizer, Merck, DuPont, GE... - Mendeleev
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-founder of Periodic Table
-realized:
1. elements w/ similar chemical properties appeared at regular (periodic) intervals.
2. could arrange elements in table format
3. Revealed gaps where undiscovered elements must lie - William Harvey
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Blood Circulation experiment
steps of experiment:
1. dissect animals: traced out veins and arteries
2. studied live animals, sometimes as they died.
3. arm experiment - Funding Process
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1.Grant Proposal
2.Grant Committee
3.Decisions - Scientific Communication
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-informal chats
-scientific meetings, conferences
-specialized journals
***Peer review process-Strict*** - Mechanics
- motions of material objects
- Galileo
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-invented first thermometer, pendulum clock
-supported sun-centered model of the universe
-heresy trial- Catholic Church imprisoned him bc some of his ideas violated church doctrine - Speed
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-scalar quantity
-distance an object travels divided by the time it takes to travel that distance. - Velocity
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-vector quantity
-same as speed but with a direction - Acceleration
- rate of change of velocity
- uniform motion
- motion at a constant speed in a single direction. No Acceleration!
- Issac Newton
- revealed the universality of gravity
- Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
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-if objects are massive, force is large
-if objects are far apart, force is less. - G
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-the gravitational constant
-Cavendish (English man)
-G appears to hold true everyday in the universe! - Weight and Gravity
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-There is a force btw. any two objects in the universe
-Weight depends on where you are: moon vs. space... mass stays the same everywhere. - Smart Businesses
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DuPont
BP
GE - Efficiency
- doing more with less
- Curtailment
- doing with less
- Brownian Motion
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-moves particles all over the room!
-move from area of high concentration to area of low concentration. - Heat
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form of energy that moves from a warmer object to a cooler object.
- measured in calories: amount of heat required to raise temp. of 1 gram of H20 by 1 celcius degree. - Temperature
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-Relative Term, how vigorously atoms in a substance are moving and colliding
-if objects are at the same temp., no heat flows spontaneously from one to the other.
-the larger the temp. difference, the more rapidly heat is transferred - Temperature Scales
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F = 32-212
C = 0-100
K = 273-373 - Galilean Thermometer
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-changes in liquid density
-balls inside device float when outside liquid is cool, and drop when water is warm. - Specific Heat Capacity
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-Measure of the ability of a material to absorb heat... or.. the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of that material by one degree celcius.
-Water - Large heat capacity
-Aluminum foil- Small heat capacity - Heat Transfer
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Process by which heat moves from one place to another...
1. conduction
2. convection
3. radiation - Conduction
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movement by heat by atomic-scale collisions
e.g. wood vs. metal - Convection
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heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another
- pot on hot stove drawing from notes (hot H20 rises, cool H20 sinks, heat escapes to air) - Thermodynamics
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1. Conservation of Energy
2. a.)heat flow: hot-->cold
b.)engines cannot be 100%
efficient.
c.)Entropy
3. cannot reach absolute zero. - Newton's Laws
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1. Inertia
2. F=MA
3. For every action, there's an equal and opposite reaction. - Entropy
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-a measure of disorder
-the entropy of an isolated system remains constant or increases
-maximize entropy when all atoms are in the same low energy state. - Ludwig Boltzmann
- numerical value (of Entropy) is related to the number of ways a system can be rearranged.
- Consequences of 2nd Law
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-The Arrow of Time
-Limitations of the Universe - Aging
- directionality of nature, inevitable
- Waves
- -traveling disturbances; carry energy w/o requiring matter to travel.
- wavelength
- distance between crests
- frequency
- # of crests that go by a given point every second
- Amplitude
- height of crest above undisturbed position
- wave types
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-transverse motion- perpendicular to the direction of the wave. e.g. water wave
-longitudinal motion- parallel to direction of the wave. e.g. sound wave... slinky - sound waves
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-speed of sound in air
-amplitude=loudness (higher amplitude, louder sound)
-frequency: high frequency= high pitch, low freq.= low pitch. - Electromagnetic Radiation
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-Electromagnetic Waves made up of electrical and magnetic fields that fluctuate together.
-all EM waves have same velocity..."C" (the speed of light) - The Doppler Effect
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The frequency of a wave appears to change if there is relative motion between the wave source and the oberver. e.g.. ambulance siren.
ambulance coming toward you: high freq., high pitch
ambulance past you and is moving further away: lower freq., lower pitch - Doppler Effect... light waves
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light coming toward you - Blueshifted
light moving away - Redshifted. - Interaction of Electromagnetic waves w/ matter
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1. Transmission
2. Absorption
3. Scattering