Griffin Tch A&P AHS 101 Chp 1 & 2 Body org/Chemistry
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- -tomy
- cutting incision (anatomy)
- -stasis
- stand (homoeostasis)
- physi/o
- nature, physical (physiology)
- -ology
- study of
- homeo-
- same (homeostasis)
- ab-
- apart, away from (abduction)
- inferior-
- down (inferior vena cava)
- superior-
- upward (superior vena cava)
- Internally the body is divided into two main cavities, what are they?
- dorsal & ventral
- Contains cranial and spinal cavities for brain and spinal cord?
- Dorsal
- Contains thoracic cavity, abdominopelvuc cavity.
- Ventral
- What are the central regions of the abdomen?
-
epigastric (epi=upon)
umbilical (navel)
hypogastric (hypo=below, gastric=stomach) - What are the lateral regions called?(lateral=side)
-
R/L Lumbar (lumbar=side)
R/L Hypochondriac (hypo=below, chondr=rib)
R/L Illiac (illiac=groin) - Divides the abdomen into four regions?
-
Quadrants
LUQ, LLQ, RUQ, RLQ - Unit of length in the metric system?
- Meter (m)
- Unit of weight in the metric system?
- Gram (GR, g)
- Unit of volume in the metric system?
- Liter (L, mL)
- Tissues function together as?
- Organs
- Glands that produce hormones belong to the________system?
- Endocrine
- The eyes are located_________to the nose?
- Superior, Cranial
- The system that brings needed substances to the body tissue?
- Cardiovascular (contains heart)
- The system that converts food into a form that body cells can use?
- Digestive
- The cavity that contains the liver?
- Admominal
- The cavity that contains the pelvis?
- Pelvic
- Fluids contained within the cells?
- intracellular
- A type of feedback in which a given action promotes more of the same is called?
-
Positive Feedback
(example= labor) - The cavity that contains the mediastinum?
-
Ventral
sub-(thoracic) - The foot is located_______to the knee?
- Inferior/Caudal/Distal
- The body system responsible for movement?
- Muscular
- The body system responsible for support?
- Skeletal
- The body system responsible for reception of stimuli and control of responses?
- Nervous
- The body system responsible for production of hormones for regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction?
- Endocrine
- The body system responsible for movement of blood for transport?
- Cardiovascular
- The body system responsible for aiding in circulation, immunity, and absorption of digested fats?
- Lymphatic
- The body system responsible for the intake of oxygen (O) and release of carbon dioxide (CO2)?
- Respiratory
- The body system responsible for the intake, breakdown, adn absorption of nutrients?
- Digestive
- The body system responsible for elimination of waste and water?
- Urinary
- The body system responsible for production of offspring?
- Reproduction
- All the chemical reactions needed to sustain life?
- Metabolism
- Responsible for the breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances; release of energy from nutrients (ATP)?
- Catabolism (cata=down)
- What is the energy compound of currency of a cell?
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- Building of body materials from simple to more complex?
- Anabolism (ana=up)
- The steady state of body conditions, uses catabolism and anabolsim.
- homeostasis
- Regulation by return of information within a system?
- FEEDBACK
- Type of feedback that REVERSES and action to get back to homeostasis?
- Negative Feedback
- Type of feedback that promotes continued activity, usually there is stimuli?
- Positive Feedback
- What type of tissue section is perpendicular to long axis?
- Cross Section (banana slice (penny shaped)
- What type of tissue section is parellel to long axis?
- Transverse (banana split type of cut)
- What type of tissue section is at an angle?
- Oblique (diagnol sandwich cut)
- What cavity contains the pancreas and spleen?
- Abdominal Cavity
- What cavity contains the diaphram?
- Thoracic Cavity
- What cavity contains the reproductive organs?
- Pelvic Cavity
- What cavity contains the heart and lungs?
- Thoracic Cavity
- What cavity contains the mediastinum?
- Thoracic (subunit of Ventral)
- What cavity contains the stomach and most of the intestines?
- Abdominal Cavity
- What cavity contains the bladder and rectum?
- Pelvic Cavity
- What cavity contains the ovaries and testes?
- Pelvic Cavity
- The science that deals with the composition and properties of matter?
- Chemistry
- The substances that make up all matter?
- Elements
- The subunits of an element?
- Atom
- The smallest complete units of MATTER?
- Atom
- The center of an atom that contains positively charged electrical particles is?
- Nucleous
- Protons are negatively charged particles? T/F
- False (positively charged)
- Particles that are non-charged?
- Neutron (neutral)
- Negatively charged particles which orbit the nucleous?
- Electrons
- Which charged particle deterimines how the atom will react chemically?
- Electron
- What determines the atomic number of an element?
- The number of Protons in the nucleous.
- The energy field closest to the nucleous is called what?
- The First Energy field
- What are the total amount of electrons which can occupy the first level?
- 2
- The energy field farthest from the nucleous?
- Secondary Energy Field
- What determines an energy fields reactivity?
- The number of electrons must equal eight 8 to be stable, or non-reactive.
- What happens if the energy field does not have eight electrons?
-
That atom will be reactive.
Automatically drawn to atoms to complete that secondary enery field of 8. (gain electrons more than four (-), lose electrons less than four (+)) - The number of electrons lost or gained by atoms of an element in chemical reactions is known as?
- Valence (Latin=strength)
- The outermost energy field determines the combining properties of an element? T/F
-
True
Valence Level - What is formed when two or more atoms unite based on their electron structures?
- molecule
- The smallest subunits of a compound?
- Atoms
- Substances composed of two or more different elements?
-
Compound
(CO=carbon monoxide) - What is the most abundant compound in the human body?
- Water (H2O)
- Water is known as _______solvent?
-
Universal
(can dissolve many different substances in large amounts) - Salt is an example of a substance that dissolves in water and called "water-loving", or?
-
Hydrophilic
(hydro=water, philic=attraction) - Fats (butter) that repel and do not dissolve in water are called "water-fearing" or?
-
Hydrophobic
(hydro=water, phobic=fear) - Water freezes at _____degrees C and boils and______C
-
0 degree (freeze)
100 degree (boil) - Blends of two or more substances?
- Mixtures
- A mixture formed when one substance dissolves into another?
- Solution
- The type of mixture where the component substances cannot be distinguished from each other and they remain evenly distributed throughout is?
-
Homeogenous
(homeo=same, gen=formation) - The dissolving substance in a salt water solution is called?
- Solvent (water in salt water)
- The substance dissolved in salt water is known as?
- Solute (salt in salt water)
- Intravenous solutions is an example of a ________solution?
- Aqueous (salt and water)
- The mixture that substances do not dissolve into one another and settle-out, needing constant stirring?
- Suspension (non-uniform)
- Suspension is considered a ___________type of mixture?
-
heterogenous
(hetero=different, genous=formation) - In a suspension mixture, the particles settle out because?
- They are Heavier (larger) than the solvent, forcing the weight to the bottom.
- Red blood cells in blood plasma are an example of what type of mixture?
- Suspension
- Organic compunds where the molecules do not dissolve but remain evenly distributed in the suspending solution?
- Colloids
- How do the molecules in a colloidal mixture remain eveny distributed?
- They have electrical charges that repel each other, and molecules are SMALL enough to stay in suspension.
- The proteins in plasma is an example of what type of mixture?
- Colloids
- Atoms interact to reach a stable number of electrons in the valence or secondary energy level? T/F
- True
- In chemical reactions, _______ may be transferred from one atom to another or may be shared between atoms?
-
Electrons
(the # of Electrons in the valence field determines its reactivity) - The type of bond that is formed when electrons are TRANSFERRED/EXCHANGED from one atom to another?
-
ionic bond (makes atoms into ions by gaining/losing electrons causing a positive /
negative charge attraction. - An atom or group of atoms with a (-) or (+) charge is called?
- ion
- A positively charged ion is?
-
Cation (+)
(cat=pro)
NA+ - A negatively charged ion is?
-
Anion (-)
(a=without)
CL- -
What is the difference between symbols NA and
NA+? -
NA=sodim ATOM (has equal number electrons and proton)
NA+=sodium ION (gave up an electron to another atom, thus causing a positive charge of sodium) - Compounds formed by ionic bonds that release ions when they are in a solution?
- Electrolytes
- This bonds involves the SHARING of electrons between the atoms in a molecule?
-
Covalent Bonds
(co=together) - What type of bond occurs when electrical charges are evenly distributed around the atom?
- Nonpolar Covalent Bond
- What type of bond occurs when one part of a molecule is more negative and one part more positive at any one time?
- Polar Covalent Bonds
- A chemical substance capable of donating a hydrogen ion (H+) to another substance?
- Acid
-
A chemical substance usually containing hydroxide ion
(OH-) that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+)? - Base/basic/alkaline
- PH stands for?
-
Potentional Hydrogen
(the more hydrogen the more acidic, the less hydrogen the more alkaline) - PH of 7 is considered?
-
Neutral
(equal amounts of hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion) - PH scale ranges from?
-
0-14
0=more acidic
14=more alkaline/basic - The balanced chemical state is maintained by chemicals forming a system that prevent sharp changes in hydogen ion (H+) concentration?
- BUFFER
- Elements that are alike in their number of protons and electrons, but differ in their atomic weight?
-
Iostopes
(iso=equal) - Disintegrating isotopes that give off rays of atomic particles?
- radioactive, radioisotopes
- The chemical compounds that characterize all living things and contain carbon (C)?
- Organic Compounds
- Other chemical compounds that do not contain carbon (C)?
- Inorganic Copounds
- List the three main types of organic compounds?
-
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins - The basic units of _________are simple sugars (glucose)?
- Carbohydrates
- Glucose a monosaccharide is an example of?
- Carbohydrate
- Two simple sugars (monosaccharides)link together to form?
-
Disaccharides
(di=two)
(saccarine=sugar) - Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of what type of carbohydrate unit?
-
Disaccharide
(glucose + fuctose=sucrose) - Consists of many simple sugars linked together with multiple chains?
-
Polysaccharides
(poly=many)
(saccharine=sugar) - Glycogen and starch are examples of what type of carbohydrate unit?
- Polysaccharides
- A class of organic compounds mainly found in the body as fat?
-
Lipids
(lip=fat) - Fats are the main form in which energy is stored? T/F
- True
-
Simple fats are made up of
____commonly called glycerin in comination with fatty acids? - Glycerol
- Triglycerides are an example of?
- Simple fats/LIPIDS
- Complex lipids (fats) containing phosphorous (P)?
- Phospholipids
- Phospholipids make up a major part of the membrane around the_____?
- Cell
- Lipids (fats) that contain carbon (C) atoms?
- Steroids
- Cortisol, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone are examples of what types of lipids/fats?
- Steroids
- The only organic compound unit that contains 4 elements: O (oxygen) C (carbon) H (hydrogen) and N (nitrogen)?
-
Proteins
(lipids and carbs only contain OCH) - Proteins make up pigments that give hair, eyes, and skin its_____?
- Color
- Building blocks of proteins?
- Amino Acids
- Which part of the amino acid houses the N (nitrogen)?
- The Amino Group
- Amino acids link together into a?
- Polypeptide
- Polypeptide chains can change shape depending the type of protein? T/F
-
True
polypeptide chain is coiled into a helix and and may be pleated or folded back on itself. - A type of folded protein is called?
- Hemoglobin
- Proteins that serve as CATALYSTS in the hundreds of reactions that take place within the cell and are essential for metabolism?
- Enzymes
- Enzymes work only on specific substances or_______?
- Substrates
- T/F Enzymes take part in the chemical reactions temporarily, and are not used up or changed by the reaction?
- True
- Lock and Key mechanism is essential for enzymes to match their?
- Substrates
- The alteration of any protein so that it can no longer function is termed?
- Denaturation
- Once a new product is formed from the substrates, the enzyme________?
- Releases unchanged
- hydr/o-
- Water
- phil
- to like
- -phobia
- excessive fear
- hom/o
- same
- heter/o
- different
- aqu/o
- water
- co-
-
together
(covalent bond) - sacchar/o
-
sugar
(saccharides) - mon/o-
-
one
(monossacharides) - di-
-
two
(dissacharides) - poly-
-
Many
(polysaccharides) - glyc/o
-
sugar,glucose, sweet
(glycerol, glycogen) - tri-
-
three
(triglycerides) - de-
-
remove
(denaturation) - -ase
-
suffix used in naming enzymes
(lipase) - The most abundant compound in the body is?
- Water
- The most abundant element in the body is?
- Oxygen
-
H= hydrogen
atomic #1 - 1 proton
-
C= carbon
atomic #6 - 6 protons
-
N= nitogen
atomic #7 - 7 protons
-
O=oxygen
atomic #8 - 8 protons