EPPP Neuropsych 2

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central nervous system consists of_____ and _____: brain and spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM consists of: somatic and autonomic nervous systems
somatic nervous system does what 2 things?: regulates sensory and voluntary motor activity
what pathway does info take in the somatic NS?: environment --> sensory organs --> central nervous system --> skeletal muscles
the autonomic nervous system controls: automatic functions (e.g. BP, respitation, digestion, heart rate)
autonomic nervous system is split into the ___ and ____: parasympathetic and sympathetic ns
parasympathetic ns controls: daily living, digestion, elimination, etc. It conserves energy
sympathetic ns controls: fight or flight response, arousal - it spends energy
neurons work through: conduction and action potentials
5 major neurotransmitters: catecholemines
serotonin
GABA
glutamate
acetocholine
afferent nerves pathway: info --> sense organs --> CNS
efferent nerve pathway: info from CNS --> muscles/glands
brain - three main structures: primitive (on top spinal cord)
old brain - basic drives, (limbic system) fear, hunger, pleasure
Newer brain - cerebral cortex or "cerebrum" - higher cog, emotional and motor fx
spinal cord send info to and from ___ to ____: info btwn brain and PNS
Injury to the SC leads to 4 potential types of paralysis: parapalegia - paralysis of two lower limbs
quadriplegia - from neck down
hemiplegia - one side
paresis - partial
parapalegia: - complete cut above pt where nerves innervate lower body
quadriplegia: cut above innervation point of upper body
hemiplegia: partial cut --> arm and leg of one side resis
paresis: partial paralysis due to less severe damage
paresis can lead to 2 types of issues: parasthesia - abnomral sensations
hypersthesis - increased sensitivity
reflex: direct communication between CNS and PNS without brain involvement
glial cells: support cells (structure, cleaning)
10,000 billion
4 main parts of the neuron: dendrites, cell body, axon, terminal buttons
what effects speed of conduction?: nothing - more stim only increases number of acton potentials
speed of conduction is effected by: diameter of axon, myelin sheath
Muscular dystrophy: MS due to lack of mylein sheath
acetocholine is found in: CNS and in neuromuscular junctions
acetocholine has a _____ effect on muscular neurons and a _______ effect on heart/resp muscles: excitatory - causing contraction of the muscles
inhibitory - slows down
problems with ACH transmission cause what types of problems?: 1. voluntary movement
2. heart and resp. problems
examples of ACH blockers: curare - blocks ACH receptors
nerve gasses - blocks enzyme that breaks down ACH in heart/resp
myathenia gravis - ACH loss in muscle fibers --> weakness
ACH acts on the hippocampus and cortex in what way? What disease is casued by loss in these areas?: learning and memory
Alzheimers
What happens if interference in ACH production in hippocampus/cortex: prevention of memory formation
serotonin affects what?: personality, drive states, mood
reduction in serotonin increase what?: depression, obesity, anxiety, aggression, pain, and sleep
synapse: space btwn neurons
NT are produced where?: cell body
what terminates synaptic transmission?: reuptake by tb's and enzymatic degredation
catecholemines (name 3 types): norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
catecholemines affects?: personality, drive states, mood
reduction in catecholemine production leads to: depression, parkinsons' related rigidity
increase in catecholemine production leads to: schizophrenia symptoms
most common inhibitory NT in brain: GABA
reduction in GABA production leads to: anxiety, Huntington's chorea
symptoms of Huntington's chorea: involuntary jerky movements in extremities, dementia,
most common excitatory nt in the CNS: Glutamate
Glutamate is found in the ___ and is related to ____: hippocampus (memory)
increase in glutamate leads to what problem?: brain damage from stroke
hindbrain is composed of the: brainstem (pons and medulla)
cerebellum
medulla: breathing, HR, digestion, BP
damage is fatal
pons controls _____ through the ______: arousal states
raphe nuclei
pons is located: connecting cerebellum and above the medulla
raphe nuclei uses what nt to trigger and maintain ______?: uses serotonin to trigger and maintian short wave lseep
cerebellum is part of what system?: the extrapyramidal
cerebellum controls what?: blanace, coordinated movements, posture
cerebellum damage causes: ataxia
ataxia: slurring of speech, loss of balance, tremors
midbrain passes info btwn the ____ and _____: brain and SC
midbrain contains which two structures?: substantia nigra and reticular formation
substantia nigra is part of the ____system; controls ____ movements; and injury leads to ________disorder: part of the EPMS
voluntary movements
injury --> parkinsons
reticular formation follows what pathway as ________: sc --> hindbrain --> midbrain
diffuse interconnected neurons
reticular formation plays a role in what functions?: sleep, arousal, pain, touch, reflexes
fibers from what strcutures makes us the reticular activating sytem?: reicular formation, thalamus, certain sensory brain areas
RAS effects what?: maintains waking state, arousal, selective attention (it filters info)
forebrain is made up of what structures?: hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system
hypothalamus basic 2 jobs: maintaing homeostasis (temperature, metabolisms, appetite for specific nutrients) and causes motivated beahviors
hypothalamus maintains homeostasis through which structure?: pituitary gland by effecting the autonomic and endocirne systems
which structure translates strong feelings in racing heart, increased BP/HR, etc.: hypothalamus
SCN is part of the _____ and controls what through what mechanism?: hypothalamus
circadian ryhtms
taking info from retina, interpreting, and passing to pituitarty to produce melatonin to promote sleep
thalamus (is called _____) sends info from _____ to _____ and from ___ to ____: "central switching station" - relays info from senses (except olfactory) to cortex AND
cortex to subcotrical regions
basal ganglia process info that: controls voluntary movement
3 structures of the basal ganglia are connected to the ____ and ____: globus palliud, caudate nucleus, and putamen substantia nigra and cerebellum
EPMS contains the following strcutures:: basal ganglia, substantia nigra, and cerebellum
EPMS controls: smoothness and intiation of movement
Limbic system: group of brain strucutres that work together to mediate emotional compoenet of behavior
3 structre of limbic system: amygdala, septum, hippocampus
amygdala has 3 functions: 1. integrates and directs emotional berhavior
2. attaches emotional signifcance to information recevied from the senses,
3. mediates defensive/ aggressive behaviors
damage to the amygdala in humans leads to: lack of emotional response to sitmulation
damage to the amygdala in monkeys leads to: Kluver Bcy Syndrome - no fear, anxiety, increases docility and hypersexuality
septum does what to emotionality?: inhibits
in animals, damage to the septum leads to _____ and excitation leads to ___: septal rage - no inhibition so visciousness
pleasure (will learn lever press)
hippocampus is associated with: memory consolodation from STM---> LTM
damage to hippocampus, amygdala,and medial temproal lobes leads to: anterograde amnesia (no new memories) but still gets into STM
the cerebral cortex is diffeent in humans because: higher cognitive, most growth in humans, many strucural changes
4 lobes of cerebral cortex: parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital
frontal lobe contians 3 main structures: primary motor cortex
broca's area
association cortex
primary motor cortex controls through whatpathway: voluntary movement that is fine and controlled (therefore, speed and strength)
motor cortex-> brain stem --> sprinal cord
damage to primary motor cortex causes: contralateral weakness, paralyis, or apraxia
apraxia: reduced coordination of complx purposeful movements
broca's area is located in what lobe (usually): left
broca's area controls: speech prodcution
dmage to broca's area causes _____ aphasia which is characterized by _____ and the person aware/unaware?: expressive aphasia; speek slowly with great difficulty, aware
association cortex: coordiantes activities of snesory and motor areas
damage to the association cortex causes _____: disruptions of planing i.e. executive functions, reduced intiative, self-awareness, and concreteness
frontal lobe personality: apathy, depressive, low planning
psychpathy: damage to frontal lobe leading to sexual inhibition, coarsness, lack of concern for others
temporal lobe controls 3 functions: receptive language, memory and emotion
primary auditory cortex is contained in the: temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex's function: mediates auditory input
damge to temporal lobe leads to: agnosia, deficits in slective attention, delusions, hallucinations, and mood distrubances
Wenicke's area is in the _____ and damage causes _____ and the person is aware/unaware: temproal lobe (left usually)
receptive aphasia - produces nonsense speech that sounds fluent and are unaware
Wenicke's area controls: comprehension of auditory stimuli
whatarea connect Wernickes and Broca's areas?: arcuate fasciculus
damage to the arcuate fasciculus causes: cannot repeat what is heard but can still understand and communicate
right temporal lobeis associated with: long-term potentiation (especially if dominant hemisphere)
temporal lobe epilepsy can lead to: personlaity change = intense emotions, religiosity, viscosity (clinging), rumination, change in sexual behaviors
parietal lobe contains the: primary somatasensory cortex whihc integrates somatosensory info and other senses such as sight
damage to the parietal lobe leads to what type of problems: sensory problems (usually contralaterally)
tactile agnosia: inability to identify by touch with the contralateral hand
contralateral neglect: loss of interest or knlweldge of other body parts
agraphia: inability to write
impaired spatial and facial recognition is usually due to damage to the _______: temporal lobe
occipital lobe contains the: visual cortex
total destruction of the visual cortex leads to ____ less extensive damage leads to ___: -contralateral blindness
- blind spots, disotrtion, loss of epth, visual agnosia
visual agnosia: can't recognize objects by sight
lateralization of function: sensory and motor functions are contralateral and symmetrical while higher cortical fuctions are lateralized more
split brain patients - show picture to left visual field: info goes to right brain, not left so can't name pictures
split brain patients - can name object if in what hand?: right (info goes to left part of brain))
split brain patients can draw with left hand but not ______ with right hand: copy words
can't draw or do spatial problems
right brain controls damage leads to: spatial, facial recognition, music; art, expression of emotion
-apathy
left brain controls damage leads to: rational, logic, language (written and spoken)
-depression
frued views emotion as: not under conscious control
related to drive states
james-lange theory: environmental stimuli-->specific autonomic arousal--> interpretation as emotional state (e.g. "afraid" b/c trmble)
cannon-bard theory: stimuli-->arousal and feeling
arousal accompanies (not causes) the feeling and all are identical
cognitve-arousal theory Schacter and Singer: physical sensations are similar but attributions change the experience
Schacter and Singer are related to which theory and expeirment: emotions
epinephrine study
6 basic emotions: fear, anger, disgust, joy, sadness, surprise
most agree on the following about emotions:They are: innate, universal, and form basic components of more complex emotions
brain mechanism related to hunger and feeding ____: hypothalamus
lateral hypothalamus controls: hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus controls: satiety
in rats: damage to lateral hypothalamus causes ____ stimulation of LH causes ___ damage to ventromedial hypothalamus causes _____: anorexia and adipsia (failure to drink)
overeating despite enough
overeating and increased body weight
in obsese people stress causes ____ and in non-obese stress causes -----: overeating and less eating
obesity is caused by ____ and less by ____: social cues and genetic metabolic rate
pituitary gland and gonads produce: sex hormones
hypothalamus --> pituitary--> LH and FSH. What do they do?: FSH stimulates sperm and release of ova
LH - stimulates androgens and estrogen to be released from gonads
lowered estrogen in menopause casues lowered testosterone leads to: bone loss, risk of heart diease
lowered sex drive
HRT reduces symptoms of estrogen/progesterone loss butmay increase risk of: breast cancer
hypothalamic dysfunction casues: lowered sex drive, depresion,
castration reduces: libido and potency
low levels of androgens is called __ and leads to ___: hypogonadisms
less desire but still erection
sleep in rats is located in the: VLPO of the hypothalamus
sleep cycle last for ____ minutes and cycles approx. how ____ time sper night: 100
4-6
5 stages of sleep cycle (starting with 0 = wakefullness and 1.): 0. alpha relaxed and beta active
1. transition - alpha lowers into theta wave (slower)
body relaxes, HR reduces
5 stages of sleep (2. and 3.): 2. theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes
3. large, slow delta waves appear
sleep spindles are _____ K-complexes are _____: bursts of faster activity
higher amplitude waves
5 stages of sleep (4. ): 4. delta dominant, deep breathing, HR/BP decrease
longest at beg. and shortest by end of night
5 stages of sleep (5.): REM - absence of muscle tone, mixxed EEG, "paradoxical sleep" b/c eeg looks aroused but no response to environment
starts 10 min --> 50 min
dreams occur in what stage?: all but REM most vivid, emotional, and memorable
REM over the life span: increase age REM reduces both # of hours and % of total sleep; 50% as infant; 20% as adult
sleep time _____ with age: reduces
REM and stage 4 deprivaiton leads to ____: increased anxiety and irritaiblity that remits as soon as get REM rebound (same with stage 4 deprivation)
insomnia: can't fall asleep quickly, freqent waking, reduced delta sleep; also tend to underestimate sleep gotten
Sleep terror and sleepwalking occur in _____ stages of sleep Nightmare disorder occurs in ___ stage: 3 &4
REM
Long-term memory stored in ____ and memory consolodation happens in the ____: tmeporal lobe and hippocampus
Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by a deficiency of ___ and causes lesions in the ____ and leads to _____ amnesia: thiamine/B vitamin
mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus and thlamus
retrograde & antereograde, and apathy, and confabulation
LTP happens in the ____ possibly by increased production of ______: hippocampus
RNA (e.g. planaria study)
reduced secretion of antidretic hormone causes: diabetes insidus (too much water loss)
adrenocorticotropic homrone (ACTH) casues what reaction?: adrenal cortex -->cortisol--> liver to release energy in the form of glucose
too little secretion of ACTH causes ___: Addison's disease (fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, apathy)
ie no release of energy into blood
too much secretion of ACTH causes ___: Cushings's Disease (obesity, memory loss, mood swings, depression, somatic delusions)
i.e too much energy, uncontrolled
cortisol is ____ by stress and fluctuates over the course of ___: increased
the day
too little thyroxin (from the thyroid) in devlopment leads to _____ too much leads to ____: cretinism (phys and IQ impaired)
Grave's disease (hyperhtyroidism) - increased app, lowered weight, higher HR, agitation, reduced attention
diabetes melitus is caused by: pancrease cannot produce insulin
incresed absorption of glucose, mineral loss,
hypoglycemia is caused by: oversecretion of insulin, hunger, dizziness, headaches, anx/dep
visual pathway: light to cornea to pupil to lens to retina (rods/cones) to optic nerves to LGN of thalamus to visual cortex in occipital lobe
rods and cones synspase with the optic nerves through which channel?: bipolar cells to ganglion cells to bundle to optic nerve
optic disc (blind spot) is where ______ and half of the nerves _____ and half: the optic nerves leave the retina
cross and half go the same way
autditory pathway: vibration to auditory canal to eardrum to ossicles to oval window to liquid in cochlea to movement of hair cells to autidotry nerve to thalamus to auditory cortex in temporal lobe
what percent of auditory nerve fibers cross contralterally?: 60%
orientation to sound is ____ at birth and _____ 1-4 months then ____ until ______: present
declines
improves
12mo.
pain is affected by: experience, attention, suggestiblity
chronic paion is correlated to what type of disorders?: depressive
gate control theory of pain regualtion: large fibers inhibit pain info from smaller fibers by competing ionformation (thus massage, distraction, cold/heat) reduce pain
what sense is not contralateral?: smell
olfactory epithelium receptors projuect: directly into the limibc system (versus the thalamus or cortex)
Fechner's absolute threshold: weakest can detect 50% of the time
JND: smallest phys difference btwn 2 stimuli recognized as different
Stephens: relationship btwn phys stim andsensation differs for diff stim - e.g. 2x light = 2x birghtness but 2x heat is >2x
structural ct scan: x-rays slices and give info on density (tumors clots)
structural MRI: magnetic fields to produce 3d images, more precise
PET: fucntional
inject radioactive isotopes and assess neural activity
shows NT's, troke, epilepsy, tumors
SPECT: functional
single photon emission computer tomography
fMRI: asses activity thrugh magnetic fields
Name 5 focal brain synsdromes: aphasia, apraxia
alexia, agnosia
anosognosia
Apahsia: language disturbance
Dysarthia: a langauge isturbance of articuation due to lesion/disease such as Huntington's, Park or MS NOT an aphasia (b/c not localized)
Alexia (define and give exmaple): reading disability
dyslexia
dyslexia: difficulty in recognizing or comprehending written language
ideomotor apraxia: cannot follow a command to move but can spontaneously
constructional apraxia: can't draw, copr or arrange blocks
agnosia: can't recognize familiar object
aperceptvie agnosia: can't identify something kinesthetically
associative agnosia: can't name objects or match them (diss of language and visual)
prosopagnosia: can't recognize faces but can identify person by sound
anosognosia (e.g. hemiplegia): inability or unwillingness to recognize own fucntional impairment (will accept bizarre explanations for limb)
anosognosia versus contralateral neglect: cn will acknowledge limb if pointed out but will not see it or anything in opposite field
symptoms of brain tumors depend on: location
brain tuors tend to be located in ____ in adults and ____ in children: cerebral cortex
brainstem or cerebellum
first signs of brain tumors: depression/anxiety (often --> misdiangosis)
signs of brain tumors: dep/anxiety
headaches (dull and generalized), seizues (partial and onset in adulthood), nausea, ch in vision, hearing, focal signs
cerebrovascular accident is a: stroke
stroke leads to _____ damage and most start in the ____ leading to ______: focal
middle cerebral artery
contralateral hemiplegia, sensory loss (esp. face, arm)
homonymous hemianopsia
middle cerebral artery feeds what areas?: frontal (basal ganglia), temporal, and parietal
homonymous hemianopsia: contralateral viual field loss
when only the dominant hemispehre is affected by a stroke,leads to?: aphasia, ideomotor apraxia, Gertsmann's syndrome
stroke in the anterior cerebral artery leads to ____: hemiplegia, snesory loss in contralateral side (usally lower limbs), dementia, affective disturbnace
anterior cerebral artery feeds ____: frontal and parietal lobes and corpus callosum and caudate
posterior cerebral artery feeds into ___: thalamus, temporal lobe,and occipital lobe
stroke in the posterior cerebral artery leads to ____: cortical blindness, anteregrade amnesia, and agitated delerium
symptoms of open head truama and duration: focal sympstoms, don't lose consciousness, resolves quickly
symptoms of closed head truama and duration best predictor of recovery: more wide spread damage, lose consciousness
length of antereograde amnesia
post-concussive syndrome: further study by DSM-IV
sx last longer than 3 mo (fatigue dizziness, agressiveness)
Huntington's chorea: transmission, age of onset, areas affected: genetically transmitted
30-50 yrs
cog/peron --> mvmnt (clumsiness to atheosis to chorea and tics) then parallel loss of cog/motor
atheosis chorea tics: slow writhing movments
clumsy jerky movements
rate and rythm of speech
Huntington's Chorea affects which brain strcutures and NT?: substantia nigra, basal ganglia, cortex
lowered metabolic activity (by PET); larger bg by MRI
glutamate, Ach, GABA, dopamine
Parkinson's movment probs: tremor, muscle rigidity, involuntary mvmnt, posture and equilibirum probs, akineisa
akinesia: slowness of movement
blank face
emotionless speech
Comorbid with parkinson's ___: depression (40%)and in 20% precedes motor problems
dementia, cog slowing, memory probs due to lowered dopamine (SN)
3 classes of antidepressants: tricyclics
SSRI's
MAOI's
tricyclics - names and brand name: imiprimine (tofranil)
domipriminr (Anafranil)
amitriptyline (Elavil)
tricyclics - action most effective for ____ symptoms: block reuptake of norepinephrine and 5HT at the synapse
- vegetative
uses of tricyclics: vegetative sx of depression
panic attacks, agoraphobia, obsessive states
anticholinergic effects of tricyclics _____ cardio effects ______: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision
-tachycardia, blood pressure changes, palpitations
overdoes of tricyclics causes _____: cardiac arythmia
effects of tricyclics: gastrointestinal, lowered sexual f., rashes, sedation, insomia,confusion, anticholinergic, cardiovascula
combining MAOI's and tricyclics can lead to: death after severe convulsions
SSRI's names and brand: fluoxetine (Prozac)
sertaline (Zoloft)
paroxetine (Paxil)
SSRI's used for: depression, OCD, ED's
overdose of SSRI's: not cardiotoxic
DO NOT COMBINE with MAOI's, tri, anticonvulsants, orantipsychotics
side effects of SSRI's: less severe than Tricyclics
may worsen sleep problems, anxiety, alcathesia (motor restlessness)
SSRI's preferred b/c: less severe side effects, safe in overdose, no cognitve impairments, more rapid onset of effects
MAOI's names and brand: phenalizine (Nardil)
tranylcyromine (parnate)
acts by blocking reuptake of _____ (NT's): 5HT and norepinephrine
MAOI's best used for ______: atypical depression (hypersomnia, increased appetite, mood reactivity, > severe sx as day progresses, phobic anxiety)
side effects of MAOI's: dry mouth, hypotension, dizziness, weight gain, blurry vision, eadaches, hypertension (that can be fatal)
cannot eat ______ while taking MAOI's: thyramine
cheese, soy sauce, wine, sour cream, bananas, plums egplant, tomatoes
"mood stabilizers": lithum
valproic acid
anti-convulsants : carbamezepine (Tegretol)
side effects of lithium: gastric distress, weight gain, tremor (35% in fingers), fatigue, cognitive impairment
lithium toxicity: vomitting, abdominal pain, severe tremeor, ataxia --> death
lithium is used for: bipolar, shizophrenia, binge drinking, IED
side effects of anti-convulsant drugs why use it over lithium?: agranulocytosis (rare), lethargy
faster onset
antipsychotics neuroleptics names and brand: chlorpromazine (thorazine)
thioidazine (Mellaril)
haloperidol (Haldol)
clozapine (Clozaril)
antipsychotics used for_____ most effective for ____: schiz and acute mania, and psychosis ass. with other disorders
- positive sx
how do neuroleptics work?: block primarily DA and probably other NTs
side effects of neuroleptics: anticholinergic and extrapyrimydal
tardive dyskinesia (involuntary), parkinsonism
tardive dykineisa can be alleviated with _____: 6 months slow removal of the drug -sx will rebound and then decrease over time
Clozapine is considered _____ why? SE: atypical - acts on multiple NTs (5HT, Dopamine, norepi)
no extrapyramidal SE (park and td) but agranulocytosis, higher rate of seizures
benzodiazepines names and brand: diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazapam (Klonopin), brazepam (ativan), trizolam (Halcion)
benzodiazepines used for ____: anxiety, insomnia, a/c withdrawl, petit mal epilpsy

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