CLAS 20: Greeks Final- Smith
Terms
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- Naos
- room for temple
- Pronaos
- porch of temple
- Peristyle
- colonnade surrounding naos and 2 porches
- Peripteral
- temple w/a peristyle
- Dipteral
- double peristyles (8 columns along front)
- altars were placed how relative to temples?
- always to the east of the temple
- Doric order
- large temples and peripteral ones built like this; height of columns 4-6x diameter on top step; simple capitals; frieze had triglyphs and metopes; sharp flutes
- Ionic order
- elaborate dipteral temples made like this; slimmer columns; had base below and elaborate capitals; undivided frieze; smooth flutes
- flutes
- vertical grooves cut into both Doric and Ionic columns
- Anaxagoras
- 5th cent. BC; had philosophical ideas like the law of conservation of matter; ideas about refraction
- Demokritos
- 430 BC; matter consisted of infinite number of indivisibile atoms
- Greeks didn't advance to scientific law or practical application of theories b/c of 3 reasons;
-
1) they relied more on mind than senses; lacked instruments to support and improve senses
2) preferred abstract theory rather than practical activity
3) late 5th cent; thinking moved away from natl. world to human beings - Plato
- Theory of Forms- our world is imperfect copy of perfect world; concerned with question of good men and good state
- Athenian education
- boys went to school from 7-14; learned reading, writing, simple arithmetic by grammatistes; teachers had low status
- paidagogos
- slave assigned to follow student around and serve as male example to him
- music-teacher; taught how to play lyre, oboe, and how to sing
- kitharistes; kithara, aulos
- general name of education provided by grammatistes and kitharistes
- mousike
- instructor of athletic training
- paidotribes; students given training for sports, pentathlon, body care, military.
- sophists
- lecturers who travelled from city to city, teaching rhetoric, and other subjects not covered by curriculum; non-Athenian; ex: Protagoras of Abdera (450 BC); provided higher education through study of oratory and rhetoric
- Socrates
- disagreed with sophists ideas of focus on practical and useful, not on morality; believed men were ignorant, and had to realize this; encouraged his students to question, misunderstood as a sophist; accused of undermining religion and corrupting minds of youth and so was put to death through hemlock in 399 BC
- Greek agriculture based on 3 main crops
- olives, grain, grapes
- Greeks arrived during Bronze Age in this year
- 2000 BC
- Middle Bronze Age
- tools made of bronze (3000-1000 BC); learned to use iron
- Late Bronze Age
- 1600-1100 BC; oral culture
- largest Aegean island to where Greeks first moved in 2000 BC
- Crete
- Sir Arthur Evans
- discovered Minoan culture on Knossos in 2nd milennium BC
- Carl Blegan
- excavated a palace in Pylos; thought it to be Nestor's Palace; discovered Mycenaean culture
- Linear scripts A and B
- found in Knossos; Linear B- deciphered by Michael Ventrist, found to be Greek; Minoans wrote in Linear A (undeciphered)
- "relieving triangle"
- light triangle stone in archways to keep pressure off other stones
- grave circle/ shaft graves
- shaft graves- where king's mask found from Late Bronze Age
- Minoan/Mycenean art
-
Minoan art- peaceful, bull symbols; bull-leaping
Mycenean art- military, violent, images of men with spears and shields - "beehive tombs"
- connical shaped underground chambers where kings/queens buried: "corbal construction"
- Nestor's Palace
- 13th cent. BC; destroyed by fire in about 1200; tablets found in Linear B used for record-keeping
- frescoes
- drawings/murals on walls; of lions, etc.
- Schliemann
- thought found remains of Troy from 1300 BC
- Troy/Ilion
- Troy 6-7 (during Bronze Age)- probably accurate Troy; built 1800 BC; burned in 1280; destroyed by earthquake
- Dark Age
- 1100-800 BC; economy dropped b/c of wars; simple communities arose; Doric dialect of Greece spoken
- Differences between Minoan/Mycenean culture
-
Minoans: centered on island of Crete; not violent; no fortification walls; peace-loving; didn't feel threatened; focused on female goddess
Mycenean: centered from mainland; idealized war; war frescoes - When were Iliad/Odyssey written?
- 750 BC by Homer; written about a time well before his time; has elements of late Bronze Age and Dark Age
- vowels were invented in:
- 700 BC
- God's roles in Odyssey
-
Poseidon- doesn't want Odysseus to succeed
Athena- Odysseus's major helper; takes on disguise as Mentor
Zeus- confused as to which side to take - Outline of events in Odyssey
-
1) return from Troy
2) Kikones (O's men plunder land until Kikones attack them; lose 6 men per ship)
3) Lotos-Eaters (eating lotos makes you forget intentions; appeal of giving up, stopping painful adventure)
4) Kylopes (esp. Polyphemus; O and men escape by grabbing on to sheep, after P's been blinded)
5) Aiolos -(gives them winds to help on their journey, but when they open bag too soon, refuses to help again)
6) Laistrygones (Antiphates the king and his wife want to eat the men)
7) Kirke (witch goddess; turns men into pigs; magic doesn't work on O b/c Hermes gave him moly to eat; live here for 1 yr)
8) Land of Souls (went to see Tieresias)
9) Seirenes (singing lured men- earwax in all of their ears; O- tied up so could hear it)
10) Skylla -(monster that can eat 6 men altogether)
11) Cattle of Helios (told not to eat it, but they do)
12) Kharybdis (whirlpool- O must hold on to tree for long time)
13) Kalypso (keeps O for 9 years; offers him immortality)
14) Skeria - (where O finds Nasicaa, king's daughter, goes into town, tells them of who he his, they send him back to Ithaka)
15) Ithaka (disguises as beggar, fights off 108 suitors) - reoccuring themes
-
-hospitality "zenia"- hospitality to strangers- traveler can be God in disguise
-perseverance- importance of home and family
-human faults
-portrayal of female characters as dangerous (ex: Clytemnestra kills Agamemnon; Circe= seductive; Penelope- unstitches quilt)
-loyalty- disloyal get severely punished
-recognition- of Odysseus by Telemachos, Eurycleia, Argos, Eumaios and Philoitios, suitors, Penelope, Laertes - Greek alphabet introduced in
- 750 BC
- Homer
- 700 BC
- Sappho, Alcaeus
- 600 BC
- Greeks called outsiders:
- barbarians (barbaroi)
- mother city (what Corinth was to Syracuse)
- metropolis
- elegaic poetry written by
- Tyrtaeus, Theognis, Archilochus, Solon
- iambic poetry written by
- Archilochus, Solon
- lyric poetry written by
- Sappho, Alcaeus, Pindar
- voodoo ceremony/strict oath taken by people of this place
- Thera in 7th century
- Theognis
- 6th century poet; conservative aristocrat; wrote about changing status in society; snobbish view of virtue; "good people" were old aristocrats; "bad people"- rich people w/land, but not aristocrats; upset that classes are getting mixed up; money root of social evil; writes to Kyrnos; believes good qualities are innate, genetic
- Alcaeus
- from Mytilene in Lesbos; 600 BC; lyric poetry; "State of Ship" metaphor; wrote about isolation from community; saw a beauty-contest; blames Helen for war
- Archilochus
- from Peros; (accompanied by lyre); claims to be soldier and poet; talks bout self-sufficiency; makes fun of idea of risking life for honor; says would throw away shield and save own life; says he didn't admire Gyges, rich king of Lydia; practical as opposed to idealistic view of war
- Sappho
- 600 BC from Lesbos (Mytilene) ; writes about lost love; Helen reminds her of her love; emotional progress in form of prayer: 1) get gods attention by using different titles and praises, 2) remind God of history between you and divinity (sacrifices, favors done, etc), 3) ask favor/request; writes about love, not society- uses nature descriptions, sensuous
- Solon
- 594-593 BC; became archon; tried to end civil strife for small farmers; cancelled debts on land (loans on land) cancelled; loans on people made illegal; brought all people back who had been sold for debt; created council of 400 people- 100 from each tribe (boule)- prepared meetings for Assembly; blamed rich and greedy for all problems- divided people into 4 classes according to ownership of property (not aristocratic classification)
- Tyrtaeus
- poems about fighting; lived in 7th century BC in Sparta; believed in citizen's dedication to city; bravery in battle best trait; military fighting connected to honor, tied to community, not indiv. glory
- phalanx
- military technique where Spartan males go into battle shoulder to shoulder; successful technique; developed in Dark Ages before democracy
- helots
- may have been Dorian descendants; worked as slaves b/c had to give all agricultural products to Spartans
- hoplites
- soldiers equipped w/full set of arms; the shield made a soldier a hoplite
- Olympic games
- begun in 776 BC
- temple of Hera built in
- 7th cent. BC; Doric order
- temple of Zeus built in
- 5th cent. BC; all temples faced East
- olympic sports included
- boxing, discus throwing, jumping (standing long jump)
- Pindar
- 498; from Thebes, wrote songs w/stanzas for choruses; Hypoclaeus won Pythian games (from Thessaly)- Pindar was asked to write song for him
- Pythian games
- in honor of Apollo
- Kylon's failed coup (attempted coup d'etat, tried to become a tyrant) - occurred in this year
- 630 BC; wanted to be unelected ruler (tyrant)- murdered by another tyrant
- Drakon wrote down laws
- 630 BC; criminal law code survived till 4th cent. BC; harsh punishments: death for robbery, murder, breach of contract, etc.; was a lawgiver in 620
- Peisistratos
- 546-527 BC; armed group w/clubs, not weapons; 561 BC- 1st successful coup; didn't change existing laws; Megakles and Lykaurgos against him; had a woman dress as Athena so could reenter city; was eventually forced to leave country in 551 BC; -public works programs, employed supporters, religious festivals; drama began in 530 BC; died 527
- Hippias
- 527-510 BC; Pesistratos's son (brother Hipparchus died, so he came into power); Spartan military w/Athenian help forced Hippias to surrender; -left country, tried to come back, unsuccessful
- Kleisthenes
-
508-507 BC; claimed to represent people; reforms included: divided up population of Attica into voting districts- 150 divisions (demes)- scattered around countryside;
-10 New "Tribes"- named after local Athenian heroes; each assigned a group of demes (15 demes); tribes elected 100 members to serve in Senate (boule) = 500 total members - Heliaea
- court w/large juries
- ostracism
- "potsharding"; wrote name of someone becoming too popular- would recieve an "honorable exile" for 10 years (needed minimum of 6000 votes); -to prevent rise of tyrants
- Spartan government
-
7th century; 2 kings + 28 elders made up gerousia; there was also an Assembly and 5 ephors (overseers); the 30 gerousia (council of elders)- like a Senate-summoned Assembly every month
Ephors: 7-6th cent.; had power to veto somethings; renewed state of war against helots every year - Spartan education
- boys, starting at age of 7, had to live together in groups of 15, got military training; could get married at 20, live w/wife at 30
-
Roman version of these Greek gods:
Aegina
Zeus
Hera
Demeter
Artemis
Heracles -
Egina
Juppiter
Juno
Ceres
Diana
Hercules - Cyrus the Great
-
550 BC, came to power in Persia; sought to take back land from Meads
546- conquers Croesus of Lydia - Cambyses
- son of Cyrus, invaded Egypt in 520; died 521
- satrap
- ruler of large area in Persia; appointed by King
- Miletes
- main leader of rebellion in 494-493; sacked by Persians; was the end of Ionian Revolt
- Darius
- 490; attempts made to punish Athenians and Eretrians
- class structure of Spartans
-
Spartiates/Spartans- lived in city of Sparta; full rights
Periocoi- lived around city; not full citizens; Spartans needed them for military needs
Helots- no rights; worst group; mostly Mycenians from 8th cent. -turned into state-owned slaves - Kylon/Cylon
- 632 BC; unconstitutional leader; 630 BC- wanted to be unelected ruler (tyrant)- murdered by another tyrant (Megacles)
- bronze helmet dedicated to Zeus -belonged to this victor
- Miltiades
- Themistocles
- convinced Athenians to use money found from silver mines to build triremes
- bridge built between Asia and Europe
- Hellespont
- Coast of Magnesia
- Greeks sank Persian ships
- chorus entrance song
- parodos
- scene between choral songs
- episode
- choral song between episodes
- stasimon
- everything after last stasimon
- exodus
- Aeschylus' Persians
- 472 BC; earliest play we have; Aeschylus added 2nd actor to plays; play set in Sousa, capital of Persian empire; Persian elders advise Atossa (Xerxes mother) to pray b/c of her dream about war between Persians and Greeks; shows Persian side of it- treats them as "honorary Greeks"
- Persian War: Ionian Revolt
-
499-
Aristagoras from Miletus (wannabe tyrant)- stirred up revolt in Ionian cities; went to get help from other Greeks; Sparta refused,
498: Athens sent 20 ships, Eretria sent 5
-went to Sartis (Persian capital) and accidentally set it on fire; Ionian revolt failed
-Persians want revenge; Darius- gets angry - Sack of Miletus
- 494 BC; Miletus burned by Persians; Darius' 1st attack on Greece
- Darius 2nd response to Ionian Revolt
- 492 BC; Darius sends Mardonius to lead Persian fleet to attack Athens; huge storm near Mount Athos-takes out part of fleet, they have to return
- Darius' 3rd try for revenge
-
490; Darius sends nephew Datis and Artaphernes to go straight across, taking over islands.
-They conquer Eretria, send Eretrians back to Persia - Battle of Marathon
-
490 BC; Hippias led Persian army in Marathon; Athenians won under leadership of Militiades; famous b/c first major Greek victory over Persians, even though they were outnumbered; also important b/c the Athenians sent Philipides (very fast runner)to Sparta to ask for help- he ran there and back- delivered his message then died
192 Athenians died-buried together-this became holy # - Battle of Thermopylae
- 480 BC; not enough greeks to fend off Persian army; all Greeks retreat, except for Spartans who remain- led by King Leonidas; they're betrayed and all die; even though its a Persian victory, seen as moral victory for Spartans-raises their morale
- Persians sack Athens
- 480 BC; -destory Acropolis in Athens
- Battle of Salamis
- 479 BC; Greeks win at sea; Xerxes-watches battle as his ships get destroyed; Athenian victory at sea
- Battle of Plataia
- 479 BC; Persians defeated on land; Greeks win at Plataia; signifies end of war
- Oath of Plataia
- 479 BC; nothing will be rebuilt-none of the religious buildings that the Persians destroyed- to remind them of anger at Persians; 449- Peace of Callias- btwn Persians and Greeks -allows rebuilding
- Delian League
-
formed right after Persian War in 478; loose alliance of mostly islan city-states w/navies-to contribute to league; starts b/c of fear of Persians attacking again; Athens-takes charge of league b/c has largest navy-represents Athenian dominance, and reflection of Athenian imperialism
1) athens moves treasury from Delos to Parthenon
2) Melian Debate- killed men, sold women/slaves into slavery
members wondered why still contributing money when no more Persian threat; Athens prevented any from leaving - Trojan War occurred in
- 1250
- Archilochus, Tyrtaeus existed in
- 650 BC
- earthquake and helot revolt in Lacedaemon (sparta) in which year?
- 464 BC; Sparta asks Athens for help- Athens sends over people (Athenian debate: Kimon vs. Pericles); Sparta-suspicious sends men back- this encourages anti-Sparta sentiments in Athens
- Thasos attempted secession from Delian League put down by force occurred in
- 463 BC
- treasury of Delian league moved from Delos to Athens
- 454 BC
- The Parthenon built in
- 447-437
- Peloponnesian War lasts
-
431-404 BC; between Athens and Sparta; Spartan earthquake-need help-athens send men-Sparta turn them back;
Athens gets mad-makes alliance w/Argos-seen as anti-Sparta act(debate: Ephialtes vs. Pericles) - Revolt of Mitelene
- 427
- Melian campaign
- 416-415
- Sicilian (Syracuse) Expedition
-
415-413; Syracuse against Segesta-city in Syracuse; Segesta asks Athens for help (debate: Nicias and Alcibiades)
Athenians send down men w/3 generals: Nicias, Alcibiades, Lamachus
-set up for winter in Catana
-strategy: build fortified siege wall-Athenians have water covered; to cut off all resources; want to build a siege wall all around island (Epipolae)
413: Alcibiades being sent back to Athens-goes to Sparta instead-tells Sparta to attack Athens by setting up permanent fort in Declea (this divides Athenian forces b/c of Spartan threat), and tells Spartans to send fresh troops to Syracuse
Gylippus- man in charge of Spartan troops-strategy-to set up counter walls- Athenians can't continue
-Athens attempted to attack Syracuse forces at night- looked like it'd be successful-lots of confusion-password, Boeotians forced Athenians to retreat; A- ended up losing - Great Harbor
- 413; key battle- Nicias' indecisiveness- decide to attack, but b/c of eclipse of moon-postpone plans-gives Syracuse time to build forces; Athenians get blocked in by Syracuse-Athenian navy's devastated and destroyed; Asurarus River- 3rd battle-everyone either captured or killed- ends Pelop. War- Spartans-winner
- Reign of Philip II of Macedonia
- 371
- "Hellenestic Period"
- 323-321
- Aristophanes' Lysistrata
- 411 BC;
- Sophocles' Philoctetes
- 409 BC;
- death of Sophocles
- 406 BC;
- Lysias active as speech writer
- 400-380 BC
- the age of Pericles in Athens
- 461-429 BC
- treasury of Delian League transferred to Athens
- 454
- Parthenon built
- 447-433
- Athens and Sparta conclude 30 yrs. peace
- 446-445
- Megarian Decree passed in Athens in this year
- 432
- 1st phase of pelop war: Archidamian War
- 431-421
- Plague breaks out in Athens
- 430
- Death of Pericles
- 429
- Surrender of Mytilene to Athens/ Surrender of Plataea to Sparta and Thebes
- 427
- Civil war in Corcyra
- 427
- Capture of 120 Spartan soldiers on Sphacteria
- 425
- Peace of Nicias
- 421-414
- Slaughter of Melians
- 416
- Athenian invasion of Sicily
- 415
- Pelop. War-2nd phase (Decelian/Ionian War)
- 414-404
- Destruction of Athenian army and navy outside Syracuse
- 413
- Rule by Four Hundred
- 411
- Destruction of Athenian Navy at Battle of Aegospotami (goat river)
- 405
- Surrender of Athens to Spartans
- 404