music history1234
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- Enlightenment
- -1750-1790 -Intellectual, scientific, practical -Monarchs supported social reform and expansion of the arts. -Focus placed on betterment of humankind - Social reformers = "les philosophes"
- Rococo
- -1700-1760 -Artistic term for light and airy interior decor -French Rococo music softened the Baroque style by adding curved arabesques -Rameau and Couperin are the main composers
- Galant
- -1720-1780 -Homophonic music with short phrases and frequent cadences -Composers: Pergolesi, Stamitz, J.C. Bach
- Empfindsam(keit)
- -1760s-1770s -Turns in harmony, chromaticism, nervous rhythms -C.P.E. Bach = best-known composer
- Intermezzo
- Italian comic opera performed in between the acts of a serious opera or play -Ex.: La Serva Padrona
- Opera Buffa
- -Eighteenth century Italian comic opera -Stock characters -Entertaining, but with moral purpose
- Opera Comique
- -18th century French entertainment -Spoken dialogue instead of recitative
- Ballad Opera
- -Eighteenth century English comic play -Features songs in which new words are set to borrowed tunes -Ex.: John Gay's "Beggar's Opera"
- C.P.E. Bach
- -Older brother, remained closer to Baroque style -Dynamic changes, dissonance, modulations -Influenced Haydn
- J.C. Bach
- -Younger-brother with style contrasting Baroque -The London Bach -Melodic, dramatic, graceful -Inspired by Italian Opera -Influence on Beethoven and Mozart
- Mannheim School
- -Orchestral techniques pioneered by the Mannheim orchestra -Dynamic range and rocket crescendos -Led by Stamitz
- Sturm und Drang
- -1760s-1780s -Free expression of extreme emotions -Symphonies written in this style were in minor keys and showed agitated character
- London Symphonies
- -Haydn's 12 crowning achievements -Daring harmonies, intense rhythms, memorable themes
- Cadenza
- -Embellished, often improvised passage -Occurs at important cadence just before the end of a piece
- Eszterháza
- -Palace built in Hungary by Prince Nikolaus Esterházy. -"Hungarian Versailles" -Hungary's grandest Rococo monument
- Recitative and Aria
- Recitative: Vocal passage in an opera that approaches speech and follows the natural rhythms of the text Aria: Lyrical monologue in an opera
- Singspiel
- -German genre of opera -Features spoken dialogue interspersed with vocal and instrumental music
- Pre-Classical Period
- -1720-1780 -Noble simplicity -Naturalness -Equilibrium, balance, restraint -Perfection of form -Outwardly unpretentious/inwardly sophisticated
- Sonata Allegro Form
- -Used in first or last movement of a sonata EXPOSITION -Based on contrast of two different themes -Bridge in between themes modulates to dominant or relative major. DEVELOPMENT -Rapid key changes -Chopped up material -Final V RECAPITULATION -2 Themes, both in tonic -Closing -Coda
- Classical Symphony Movement Plan
- Movement I. -SA form -Begins/ends in tonic -May include slow intro Movement II. -Slow, lyrical -ABA form OR theme & variations -Usually in sub-dominant or relative major Movement III. -Present in MOST symphonies -Minuet and Trio -In tonic Movement IV. -Fast, light -Rondo form (ABACABA)OR SA form or Sonata Rondo form -In tonic
- Concerto First Movement in connection to Ritornello Form
- R1 S1 R2 S2 R3 S3 R4 Concerto first movement has CODA following R4
- Rondo Form
- Main section recurs, usually in the tonic, between sections.
- Haydn vs. Mozart
- ⬢ Haydn was influenced by the music surrounding Vienna and by folk music. He was concerned with motive theme and development and thought structurally. 1730s-1800s. ⬢ Mozart was influenced by many European sounds from a young age. He wrote more predictable melodies and thought operatically. 1750s-1790s.
- Development of Symphony
- Started off as 3 movements: Fast-slow-fast Became four movements: 1. allegro 2. slow 3. minuet or scherzo 4. allegro or rondo