civilization101 final exam
Terms
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- Renaissance
- "rebirth", rediscovery of past
- humanism
- "if you are given a brain use it"
- condottieri
- mercenary soldiers
- Florence
- most important city (in Italy) of Renaissance
- Lorenzo de Medici
- peasant that became duke of Florence, self-proclaimed duke by military force
- Venice
- small empire/city run by merchants guild
- Milan
- self-proclaimed ruler of Venice
- vernacular
- common language (change from only latin)
- classics
- classic works of literature
- Dante (Alighieri)
- wrote the Divine Comedy
- Francesco Petrarch
- poet, wrote sonnets
- sonnets (to Laura)
- romantic sonnet by Petrarch
- Giovanni Boccacio
- wrote prose, "Decameron"
- Decameron
- prose about plagues
- Erasmus
- wrote in several languages, "In Praise of Folly"
- In Praise of Folly
- states how perfect the world is, then criticizes
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- wrote history of Florence and "the Prince"
- The Prince
- guidelines for ruling, amorality (no good or bad, just if it works)
- Geoffrey Chaucer
- wrote Canterbury Tales
- Thomas More
- wrote Utopia, a catholic martyr
- Utopia
- idea of a perfect society
- Francois Rabelais
- wrote Gragantua, party attitude
- Gargantua
- comical story reflecting human attitude
- Miguel de Cervantes
- wrote Don Quixote
- William Shakespear
- wrote Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet
- Palestrina
- music composer
- Giotto
- Quattrocento painting, three dimensional, "achieved resurrection of painting from dead", painted believable humans
- Sandro Botticelli
- painter, shows emotion, combines pagan mythology with Christian faith
- Lorenzo Ghiberti
- sculpturer/architect, "Gates of Paradise"
- High Renaissance
- inherited techniques, instruments, polyphony (many voices)
- Leonardo de Vinci
- expert in engineering, math, architecture (Mona Lisa, Last Supper)
- Raphael
- perfect design, portrait of Modanna
- Michelangelo
- sculptor, architect, painter (David, St. Paul's Cathedral, Sistene Chapel)
- music
- Gregorian Chant
- Johannas Gutenberg
- reinvinted printing press
- scriveners
- writers, against printing
- Nicolas Copernicus
- concluded sun is center of universe
- sacraments
- steps to being saved
- Eucharist
- communion
- relics
- object for religion
- indulgences
- removes the penalty of sin
- Martin Luther
- attained degrees by age 17, decides faith is salvation
- Wittenberg
- city with university ML taught at
- John Tetzel
- sold indulgences to rebuild cathedral
- Ninety-Five Thesis
- created by Luther to reinforce ideas
- Diet of Worms
- assembly to disapprove Luther
- Fredrick of Saxony
- bartered for Luther's life
- consubstantiation
- communion remains bread and wine but are still sacred and have a holy presence
- Peace of Augsburg
- treaty settled Catholics vs. Lutherin, rulers choose religion
- Uldrich Zwingly
- disagrees with substantiation
- John Calvin
- wrote "Institutes of Christian Religion"
- predestination
- nobody is worthy of salvation
- Catherin of Aragon
- marries Arthur then Henry VIII
- Mary Tudor
- daughter of Henry and Catherin
- Anne Boleyn
- second to marry Henry, beheaded
- Cardinal Wolsey
- attempts to support Henry VIII
- Act of Supremecy
- declares Henry VIII head of the church
- Elizabeth
- daughter of Anne Boleyn
- Jane Seymour
- third to marry Henry, has son, dies during labor
- Edward VI
- son of Jane, becomes king at 11 and dies at 17
- Thomas Cranmer
- archbishop of canterbury, writes "Book of Common Prayer"
- Mary Tudor "Bloody Mary"
- queen of england, restores catholicism, persecutes protestants, marries Philip II to unite Spain
- Pope Paul III
- ended the sale of indulgences
- Loyola
- former Spanish soldier, had a vision of intellectual army for catholics
- Jesuits
- loyal to the pope, intellectual catholics
- Inquisition
- court held to specifically identify heretics
- Council of Treat
- concluded protestants are heretics
- Habsbergs
- ruled Spain and Holy Roman Empire, made the land potentially Catholic
- Charles V
- rules Spain and Holy Roman Empire, 1st Habsberg
- Philip II
- son of Charles V, fought protestants by force
- Netherlands
- protestant land, good navy
- William of Orange (the silent)
- king of Netherlands
- Valois
- ruling family of France, moderate Catholics
- Huguenots
- French protestants
- Guise
- French extreme Catholics, sided with Philip II
- St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- massacre of protestants in France
- Henry Bourbon
- leader of protestants, king of France, converts to catholicism for polical purposes
- Edict of Nantes
- written by Henry Bourbon, granted protestant tollerance
- Elizabeth (Virgin Queen)
- queen of england, great ruler, never marries
- Mary Stuart (queen of scots)
- next in line to english throne, marries king of france, king dies, becomes queen of scotland, executed for treason
- Spanish Armada
- "invincible", large naval fleet, defended by england
- Thirty Years War
- religious war, international war won by Sweden and France
- Bohemia
- protestant area
- Ferdinand II
- catholic, becomes ruler of Bohemia
- Gustave Adolphus
- swedish king, helped lead protestants
- Cardinal Richilieu
- ruler of France, aids protestants for political reasons
- Peace of Westphalia
- end 30 years war
- Iberia
- spain and portugal
- caravel
- european ship, strong for sailing
- scurvey
- disease on ships caused by lack of vitamin C
- Marco Polo
- travels from italy to china and writes book
- prince henry the navigator
- portugal explorer, began explorations
- Bartholomeo Diaz
- passes around africa, names cape of good hope
- Vasco da Gama
- navigates to idia, becomes rich
- Cabral
- accidentally discovers Brazil
- San Salvador
- first island found by columbus
- Amerigo Vespucci
- con artist/map maker, named America
- Vasco de Balboa
- first to walk across panama canal
- John Cabot
- english explorer to america, shipwrecked
- Magellan
- navigates through south america (cape of magellan), first to sail around the world
- Juan d'el Cano
- captain of magellan's crew after his death
- conquistadors
- spanish explorers/conquerers
- Hernando Cortes
- conquistadore, overthrows aztecs
- Francesco Pizarro
- conquistadore, overthrows incas
- viceroy
- minor king in americas
- cabildos
- council
- peninsulares
- people sent from europe
- creoles
- born in america but of european descent
- mestizos
- mix europeans/indians
- encomienda
- form of involuntary labor, similar to slavery
- slavery
- directed towards a race (Benin, Kongo), began by portugese
- Dutch
- held colonies in the east indies and cape of good hope (begins white settlement in south africa)
- Jacques Cartier
- sailed river and laid french claims to canada
- Samuel de Champlain
- established Quebec
- English
- settled in Newfoundland, established Jamestown in 1607
- puritans
- radical protestants settled in masachusetts
- Timur the Lame
- Mongul, "erases" much of the gunpowder region
- Steppe Frontier
- "gunpowder" region
- Mehmet
- conquers Constantinople, ends Roman Empire
- Istanbul
- Constantinople
- Suleiman the Magnificent
- greatest Ottoman ruler
- sultan
- Islamic emporer
- pashas
- secondary rulers to sultans
- janissaries
- army of slaves, not orginally muslim
- harem
- women's quarters
- Gunpowder Empires
- Ottoman, Safavid, Monghul
- Osman
- founded Ottoman empire
- Safi al-Din
- founded Safavid empire
- shah
- Safavid ruler
- Ismail
- shah, shi'ite leader, gives shi'ites control of Persia
- Abbas the Great
- greatest Safavid ruler
- Babur the Tiger
- founds Monghul empire
- Akbar
- conquerer, believed in total religious tolleration
- Shah Jahan
- built Taj Mahal, creates conflict with hindus
- Taj Majal
- memorial for Jahan's wife
- Yaun Dynasty
- Mongul dynasty
- Hong wu
- led Ming Dynasty, ex buddist monk
- Ming Dynastly
- made porcelains famous
- Mancha Dynasty
- last Chinese dynasty
- Choson Dynasty
- takes over after Koryo family (korea)
- shogun
- general, ruler for the emporer in japan
- kamakaze
- "divine wind", stops Chinese invasion
- Father Xavier
- missionary sent to Japan
- Outlaws foreigners to enter
- Toyatomi and Tokugawn
- Pure Land Sect
- japan is sacred