RTVF 1310 Test 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Radio's Three C's
-
Competition
Consolidation
Control - Out of the mediums in media, which is there more of than any other?
- Radio
- __ times more radio than television
- 5
- ___ times more radio than television
- 10
- There's competition for __ __ within the radio market
- advertising revenue
- radio is a ____ based medium
- locally
- AMs in local markets rely on...
- local advertising
- FMs frequently dominate in...
- larger cities
- FMs in larger cities rely on...
- national spot and local advertising
- what percent of radio listening is on FM stations
- 80%
- What are the most profitable radio stations?
-
Big FM stations in major cities
AM news/talk stations in major cities - satellite radio listening accounts for what percent of total radio listening?
- 3.4%
- in the 1990's the NAB lobbied to ___ radio
- deregulate
- ___ and ___ stations have largely disappeared
- mom and pop
- group ownership restrictions have been...
- lifted
- Telecommunications Act of 1996
-
-shifted the radio landscape
-relaxed ownership standards (no limit to total number of stations a group can own)
-group owners can own up to 8 stations in one marketplace
-supergroups of station owners formed - refers to the in-market control of radio stations in terms of numbers of stations and the amount of revenue in a single market by one owner
- duopoly
- The arrangement that allows one station to oversee the programming, operation, and sales of another without owning it
- LMA (leased or local market agreement)
- single market multiple station ownership limits
-
effective 1992:
2 AM and 2 FM
-provided such a combo reaches no more than 25% of the market - multiple radio station ownership limits for a single market effective 1996
- no more than 8 radio stations, no more than 5 in the same service (am or fm)
- markets with 30 to 44 stations
- no more than 7, no more than 4 in the same service
- markets with 15 to 29 stations
- no more than 6, no more than 4 in the same service
- markets with 14 or fewer stations
- no more than 5, no more than 3 in the same service
- national multiple station limits for broadcast stations
- effective 1996, no limit on AM or FM
- Advocates of consolidation maintain that group ownership allows for economies of scale
-
–better buying power
–more efficient programming execution/ shared resources leading to better news coverage through
- Critics of consolidation point to
-
–reduced sensitivity to community concerns
–sameness in formats from market to market
- radio station formats are very...
- structured
- formats and music playlists tend to be very tightly controlled by...
- station management
- consumer research is conducted by...
- group owners
- how many radio signals do most markets in the U.S. receive?
- 25
- city where stations are located is called a?
- market
- "target audiences" is also referred to as...
- narrowcasting
- the program strategy is known as the radio stations...
- format
- target audience attributes include:
-
age
gender
income level
lifestyle and habits - what is the most programmed format?
- country
-
–Many types of music fall into these categories
–Tend to attract the audience most in demand by advertisers
- adult contemporary and oldies
-
–Emphasis is on most current hit music
–Music tends to be uptempo
–Fast rotation of songs
–DJs tend to be assertive and loud
- contemporary hit radio
-
–Rhythmic CHR
–Rhythmic AC
–Urban Oldies
–Urban Contemporary
- popular ethnic formats
-
–Mexican Regional
–Spanish Adult Hits
–Spanish Tropical
–Spanish Hot Adult Contemporary
–Spanish Contemporary
- more popular ethnic formats
- noncommercial radio has how many radio stations?
- 3000+
- what are the two broad categories of noncommercial radio?
- NPR and non-NPR
- what are the three types of noncommercial radio?
-
community stations-licensed to civic groups
college radio-sponsored by colleges and communication departments
public radio-CPB qualified radio stations - frequencies for noncommercial radio
-
-no frequencies reserved for AM radio
-1941 first channels reserved for educational use with development of FM (five lowest channels) - when was the National Public Radio established?
- 1970
- other facts about NPR
-
–First satellite delivered radio network
–Stations pay a fee to NPR for service
–Vast majority of non-comms are not affiliated with NPR
- who offers market exclusivity to stations?
- American Public Radio/Now Public Radio International est. 1983
- when was the American Public Media established?
- 2004
- what is satellite's primary income?
- subscriptions
- sirius/xm has more than ___ subscribers
- 20.5 million
- sirius/xm broadcasts more than ___ channels of programming
- 300
- sirius/xm radio is required...
-
–to put a tuner on the consumer market capable of accessing both services soon after the merger
–To permit any device manufacturer to develop equipment capable of delivering the satellite service, with no restrictions on adding other technologies, such as HD Radio, iPod ports, or broadband connections
–to cap rates for 3 years
- responsible for placing advertising on the station schedule
- operations (a.k.a. traffic)
- how many tv full power stations are operating today?
- 1700+
- what percent of tv stations are commercial and percent are noncommercial?
-
78% commercial
22% noncommercial - in 2011 how many homes have tv?
- 98.2% or 116 million
- who are the Big Four in television?
-
NBC}
CBS} big three
ABC}
FOX - what year did the fox broadcasting company start?
- 1986 by Rupert Murdoch
- UPN
-
United Paramount Network
-started in 1995
-Star Trek - WB
-
Warner Brothers
-started in 1995
-Buffy, 7th Heaven - Pax TV
-
-started in 1998
-programming based on family values - broadcast tv business consists of...
-
network tv and local tv
- what percent of total tv viewer ship is on the big four?
- 45%
- who develops programs and distributes to local tv station affiliates?
- network tv
- what is affiliated to a network and schedules programs around network schedule?
- local tv
- local television stations may be classified as...
-
-network affiliated stations
-owned and operated (o&o)
-independent stations - what tv stations are the most profitable?
- owned and operated
- what are local television stations rated by?
- profitability
- what service was originally created to promote minority ownership in 1982?
- lower power television
- lower power television stations are limited to...
-
-3000 watts VHF
-150 kilowatts on UHF - how many LPTV are in operation?
- 2300
- where are LPTV stations normally located?
- rural areas
- what state has the most LPTV stations?
- alaska
- what station rebroadcasts the programs of a full-power tv broadcast station?
- translator stations
- translator stations typically serve...
- communities that cannot receive the signals of free over-the-air tv stations
- what stations are LPTV stations with upgraded interference protection rights and added requirements?
- Class A tv stations
- how many hours of locally-produced programming must LPTV air weekly?
- 3 hours
- how many licensed Class A tv stations are there?
- 550
- what is the suffix for Class A tv stations for their ID?
- -CA
- the deadline for ending analog broadcast did not apply to...
- low power, class A, and TV translator stations
- television owners tend to be...
- large corporations
- station ownership was ____ before the Telecommunications Act of 1996
- limited
- in the single market multiple station ownership, what was effective in 1970?
- no combos including TV
- what are the national multiple station limits for broadcast stations?
- effective 1996: no limit of the number of tv stations as long as the total number of homes reached does not exceed 39%
- what are the rules for tv duopolies effective 1999?
-
2 to a market with provisions
-there must be at least eight stations in the market
-only one of the stations may be among the top four rated stations in the market - how many stations does PBS programs reach in the U.S.?
- more than 350
- how many homes watch PBS weekly?
- 90 million
- who watches PBS?
- viewers have high incomes and are well educated
- who does PBS garner funding from?
- local television stations, underwriting, and through federal grants
- what has PBS been an early advocate of?
- digital television
- what are the origins of non-commercial television?
-
1948-52: joint committee on educational television
- how many channels were initially reserved for non-commercial television?
- 242
- what is the commercial model that ETV or educational tv follows?
-
1. build audience
2. strong network structure - what happened at the 1967 carnegie commission study?
-
-recommended a corporation for public (not educational) television be established by Congress
-led to legislation in the form of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 - what happened in the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967?
-
created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)
-awards grants for high quality programs from diverse sources
-helped to build network interconnection
-promoted the development of more public stations
-conducted research and training - what are the FCC limits on underwriter announcements?
-
-name of the business
-address or location of the business
-telephone number of the business, if it is an integral part of the operation
-brand and trade names or service listings which do not include qualitative or comparative language
-value neutral descriptions of product line or service - why do supporters say public broadcasting should continue?
-
-programs not found elsewhere are provided a forum for display on PBS. PBS serves viewing needs not met by commercial broadcasters
-public stations are the last real bastion of localism
-public broadcasting presents programming aimed at instruction and informal education, such as Sesame Street - why do detractors say public broadcasting shouldn't continue?
-
-type of programming featured on public broadcast stations is available elsewhere
-government monies shouldn't be used to support broadcast stations. the market place should determine the fate of broadcast stations
-programming offered is the root of shortcomings in funding
-conservatives target public broadcasting as being too liberal in news and public affairs presentations - cable is a strong competitor to?
- over-the-air television
- cable revenues exceed?
- 70 billion
- basic cable services include?
- local channels and advertiser-supported program services
- current "must-carry"/ retransmission consent rules
-
-broadcasters could choose either "must-carry" (cable operators are obligated to carry local stations), or
-retransmission consent (need to negotiate carriage with cable company) - how many cable homes subscribe to HBO?
- 1 in 3
- electronic program guides (EPGs) and local government channels (PEG) are examples of?
- specialty services
- what are distant signal imports?
- independent or network stations to remote areas
- how many homes in the U.S. are capable of subscribing to cable?
- 98 of the 105 million
- pay households are?
- households that subscribe to services like HBO
- cable economics
-
-high up-front capitalization (cost to wire each home)
-tier system provides additional revenues - local systems sell?
- local advertising
- cable television systems are sold on the basis of what?
- cost per subscriber
- what are the five divisions of television stations?
-
1. sales
2. engineering
3. business
4. programming
5. news - who keeps the tv station operating?
- engineering
- what tv division sells time to advertisers?
- sales
- who is responsible for collecting money and paying the bills for the tv station?
- business
- who develops programming for the tv station?
- programming
- who produces local newscasts and informational programming for the tv station?
- news
- what are the departments of the cable franchise?
-
1. technology
2. marketing
3. customer service - as of 2009, how many internet users are there worldwide?
- 1.7 billion
- what percent of internet users are adult Americans?
- 74%
- what is 2G?
- voice only
- what is 1G?
- analog cellular
- what is 3G?
- voice and data
- what is 4G?
-
-long-term evolution (proprietary)
-WiMax (open) - what is 3.5G?
- high speed packet access
- what is a pioneering information service in Great Britain delivered information within the "blanking" of the TV signal?
- CEEFAX
- what had experiments in the U.S. sponsored by newspapers (delivered by telephone late 1970s)?
- videotex
- what was Frances' Minitel thing that sent data service via the national telephone system (1980)?
- videotext via telephone
- what does ISP stand for?
- internet service providers
- what was an early home information utility that linked home computers to a central server?
- The Source
- what was acquired by H & R Block and is now owned by AOL?
- Compuserve
- what ISP differed from earlier services and provided monthly services for a flat rate, used a graphical interface, and contained advertising embedded in the screens?
- Prodigy
- what originally was called Quantum Computer Company and provided new services, support for gamers, and chat rooms and discussion forums?
- American Online
- what spurred growth of local, independent ISPs?
- World Wide Web and internet browser Mosaic
- who began experimenting with content on the internet?
- newspapers and broadcasters
- what became the first browser for personal computers and solidified web pages use hypertext markup language (HTML)?
- mosaic
- what was virtually instantaneous?
- growth of the world wide web
- what provided ways for users to navigate around the web?
- search engines!
- what is comprised of internet users?
- internet society!
- develops guidelines and specifications for the web MIT lab for CS, European Research Consortium, and Keio University
-
World Wide Consortium (W3C)
also apart of the internet society - what does URL stand for? and what does it provide?
-
uniform resource locator
provides a key to retrieve information on the web - .com is an example of what domain name?
- top level
- what are "helper" applications that extend the usefulness of web browsers?
- plug-ins
- what are the most popular services on the internet?
-
-email
-world wide web (internet explorer, firefox)
-messaging services (IM on AOL, yahoo, and microsoft messenger service)
-file sharing and swapping - what is an entrance or doorway on the internet?
- portal
- what was created in 2005 by three former paypal employees and was acquired by google for 1.65 billion?
- YouTube!
- what was the first electronic and interactive game on the internet?
- Spacewar in 1962
- who developed Spacewar?
- Harvard researcher Stephen Russell and friends
- what is small compared to broadcasting an cable industries, but is growing in the internet world?
- commerce and advertising revenue
- dotcom bust in 2000
-
-many companies went bankrupt
-media companies are looking for a working business model; a way to monetize - what are voluntary payments/donations? (internet)
- micro payments
- what is the pay wall? (internet)
-
-per hour charges
-monthly fees per use - what is the search engine/portal advertising?
-
-banner ads
-sponsorships
-interstitials - what started in June 1999 that allowed users to search for and swap music on the web?
- napster!
- when was napster sued for copyright infringement?
- december 1999
- when did the court order napster to shut down?
- 2001
- iPods
-
-introduced in 2001
-itunes introduced in 2003
-sales increased by 600% in 2004-05
- why do broadcasters use the web?
- for cross-promotion
- national public radio allows listeners to?
- download radio segments on the web
- entertainments sites provide information about?
- storylines and stars on the web
- online users appear to listen to commercial radio less or more?
- less
- internet users aged 12-34 spend less time with traditional media as what increases?
- internet usage
- what percent of streaming media listeners are under the age of 35?
- 57%
- what do millions of people check for on the web?
- news and information
- news-related searches were 60 times greater than normal on what date?
- sept. 11, 2001
- the web is used as a source of?
- up to date information like tv
- what percent of internet users feel online news sources are trustworthy?
- 80%
- tv on the web and IPTV is more feasible today due to?
-
-increases in computer capabilities
-broadband connections - what does IPTV stand for?
- internet protocol television
- what is IPTV?
-
-shows are downloaded via broadband connection
-capable of both standard and high definition - what is the business of broadcasting?
- broadcasting and cable are ways of linking viewers with advertisers while entertaining and informing an audience
- stations attract audiences because of their?
- programming
- what generates the profits that make programming possible?
- advertising revenue
- what is an economical way to link large numbers of people with advertisers?
- mass media technology
- in electronic media there is an interplay between?
- technology, the consumer, and economics of each medium
- what is the revenue stream for television and radio model?
- Single Revenue Stream
- what is involved in a Single Revenue Stream?
- the audience is the product that media delivers to an advertiser
- what is the revenue stream for the cable model?
- Dual Revenue Stream
- what is involved in a Dual Revenue Stream?
-
-like broadcasting cable delivers an audience to an advertiser
-cable charges a monthly subscription fee for receiving the program - government oversight is tied to?
- how competitive the media are
- few market barriers allow many players to enter is what?
- pure competition
- there are a limited number of competitors is what?
- oligopoly
- where there is no practical competition is?
- monopoly
- the triangular relationship in the media business is among?
- programmers, media sellers, and media buyers
- marketers and advertisers develop a buying plan based on?
-
-population or market size
-effective buying income
-retail sales for the market (geographical area)
- what is data related to expenditures of classifications of products for the specific market?
- buying power index
- BPI tells the advertiser what?
- the market share of the advertiser
- evaluates a run of x number of commercials over a specific time period that has a consistent rating for the target audiences
- gross ratings points
- reflects total of all persons reached by each commercial in an ad campaign
- gross impressions
- the cost of advertising on specific stations
- rate cards
- a specific number of spots to run on one or more stations (within a time frame known as a flight)
- packages
- adjacencies are?
- next to a program or spot set
- trade deal or trade out is?
- ads for goods or services
- what does CPM stand for?
- cost per thousand
- CPM is used to?
- express the cost of reaching 1,000 members (M) of the audience
- what is the formula to find the CPM?
- cost of advertising/ (average audience delivered/1,000)
- local commercials purchased to run on local stations (local appliance store)
- local spot sales
- time purchased within a television network program or on a radio network
- network sales
- national advertisers/local avails
- syndicated
- buying time at various local stations using a national sales representative
- national spot sales
- cost of ad is shared between manufacturer and local store
- cooperative advertising
- media purchases made before the television season actually begins
- upfront market
- four "seasons" where advertisers purchase time (fall, winter, spring, summer)
- scatter markets
- what tv program is the most expensive to produce?
- dramas
- what tv program is less expensive than dramas?
- comedy
- what tv program is the least expensive to produce?
- reality
- some first run programming...
- loses money until syndication
- advertising revenue is NOT sufficient to pay?
- the cost of the television series, particularly dramas