endocrine disorders
Terms
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- ACROMEGALY
- disease process resulting from excessive secretion of somatotropin; causes progressive enlargement of peripheral body parts, commonly the face, head, hands and feet
- ADDISON'S DISEASE
- chronic adrenocortical insufficiancy; characterized by acute hypotension, cyanosis, fever, nausea and vomiting, and the the classic signs of shock; precipitated by stress or abrupt withdrawal of therapeutic glucocorticoids
- ADRENALECTOMY
- surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
- ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
- hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary, essential for growth and development
- ANDROGENS
- hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulate activity of accessory male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics
- ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME
- masculinization in women, feminizaiton in men or premature sexual development in children; result of abnormal secretion of adrenocortical hormones, especially androgens
- BASAL METABOLIC RATE
- chemical reactions occurring when the body is at rest
- CALCITONIN
- hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; participates in calcium regulation
- CHVOSTEK'S SIGN
- spasm of the facial muscles produced by sharply tapping over the facial nerve in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear; causes spasm or twitching of the mouth, nose, and eye; suggestive of latent tetany in patients with hypocalcemia
- CORTICOSTEROIDS
- hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or their synthethic equivalents; also referred to as adrenal-cortical hormone and adrenocorticosteroid; consist of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and aandrogens
- CRETINISM
- stunted body growth and mental development appearing during the first year of life as a result of congenital hypothyroidism
- CUSHING'S SYNDROME
- group of symptoms produced by an excess of free circulating cortisol from the adrenal cortex; characterized by truncal obesity, "moon face," acne, abdominal striae, and hypertension
- DIABETES INSIPIDUS
- condition in shich abnormally large vilumes of dilute urine are excreted as a result of deficient production of vasopressin
- DILUTIONAL HYPONATREMIA
- sodium deficiency that develops as a result of fluid retention; associated with excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion in patients with SIADH
- DWARFISM
- generalized limited growth; condition caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone during childhood
- ENDOCRINE
- secreting internally; hormonal secretion of a ductless gland
- EUTHYROID
- state of normal thyroid hormone production
- EXOCRINE
- secreting externally; hormonal secretion from exretory ducts
- EXOPHTHALMOS
- abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs; produces a startled expression; usually due to hyperthyroidism
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS
- steroid hormones (ie, cortisol, corisone, and corticosterone) secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH; produce a rise of liver glycogen and blood glucose
- GRAVES' DISEASE
- a form of hyperthyroidism; characterized by a diffuse goiter and exophthalmos
- GOITER
- enlargement of the thyroid gland; usually caused by an iodine-deficient diet
- HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE
- thyroiditis characterized by high levels of antimicrosomal antibodies; most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States; also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or autoimmune thyroiditis
- HORMONES
- chemical transmitter substances produced in one organ or part of the body and carried by the bloodstream to other cells or organs on which they have a specific reguloatory effect; produced mainly by endocrine glands (ef, pituitary, thyroid, gonads)
- HYPOPHYSECTOMY
- surgical removal or destruction of all or part of the pituitary gland
- MINERALOCORTICOID
- steroid of the adrenal cortex; influences sodium and potassium
- MYXEDEMA
- severe form of hypothyroidism characgterized by an accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in a subcutaneous and other interstitial tissues, a masklike expression, puffy eyelids, hair loss in the eyebrows, thick lips, and a broad tongue
- ADDISON'S CRISIS
- acute adrenocortical insufficienty; characterized by acute hypotension, cyanosis, fever, nausea and vomiting, and the classic signs of shock; precipitated by stress or abrupt withdrawal of therapeutic glucocorticoids
- NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- regulating mechanism in which an increase or decrease in the level of a substance decreases or increases the function of the organ producing the substance
- OXYTOCIN
- hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes myometrial contraction at term and milk release during lactation
- PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
- chromaffin cell tumor, usually benign, located in the adrenal medula; characterized by secretion of catecholamines resulting in hypertension, severe headache, profuse sweating, visual blurring, anxiety, and nausea
- RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
- measurement of hormone or other substance using radioisotope-labeled antigen
- SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (SIADH) SECRETION
- excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland despite low serum osmolality level; occurs with out cell carcinoma of the lung and other malignant tumors that produce ADH
- THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
- released from the pituitary gland; causes stimulation of the thyroid gland, resulting in release of T3 and T4
- THYROID STORM
- severe life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism precipitated by stress; usually of abrupt onset; characterized by high fever, extreme tachycardia, and altered mental state
- THYROIDECTOMY
- surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland
- THYROIDITIS
- inflammation of the thyroid gland; may lead to chronic hypothyroidism or may resolve spontaneously
- THYROXICOSIS
- condition produced by excessive endogenous or exogenous thyroid hormone
- THYROXINE (T4)
- thyroid hormone; active iodine compoind formed and stored in the thyroid; deiodinated in periperal tissues to form triiodothyronine(t3); maintains body metabolism in a steady state
- TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
- thyroid hormone; formed and stored in the thyroid; released in smaller quantities, biologically more active and with faster onset of action than thyroxine (T4); widespread effect on cellular metabolism, influences every major organ system
- TROUSSEAU'S SIGN
- carpopedal spasm induced when blood flow to the arm is occluded using a blood pressure cuff or tourniquet, causing ischemia to the distal nerves; suggestive sign for latent tetany in hypocalcemia
- VASOPRESSIN
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes contractions of smooth muscle, particularly blood vessels