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endocrine disorders

Terms

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ACROMEGALY
disease process resulting from excessive secretion of somatotropin; causes progressive enlargement of peripheral body parts, commonly the face, head, hands and feet
ADDISON'S DISEASE
chronic adrenocortical insufficiancy; characterized by acute hypotension, cyanosis, fever, nausea and vomiting, and the the classic signs of shock; precipitated by stress or abrupt withdrawal of therapeutic glucocorticoids
ADRENALECTOMY
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary, essential for growth and development
ANDROGENS
hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulate activity of accessory male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics
ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME
masculinization in women, feminizaiton in men or premature sexual development in children; result of abnormal secretion of adrenocortical hormones, especially androgens
BASAL METABOLIC RATE
chemical reactions occurring when the body is at rest
CALCITONIN
hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; participates in calcium regulation
CHVOSTEK'S SIGN
spasm of the facial muscles produced by sharply tapping over the facial nerve in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear; causes spasm or twitching of the mouth, nose, and eye; suggestive of latent tetany in patients with hypocalcemia
CORTICOSTEROIDS
hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or their synthethic equivalents; also referred to as adrenal-cortical hormone and adrenocorticosteroid; consist of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and aandrogens
CRETINISM
stunted body growth and mental development appearing during the first year of life as a result of congenital hypothyroidism
CUSHING'S SYNDROME
group of symptoms produced by an excess of free circulating cortisol from the adrenal cortex; characterized by truncal obesity, "moon face," acne, abdominal striae, and hypertension
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
condition in shich abnormally large vilumes of dilute urine are excreted as a result of deficient production of vasopressin
DILUTIONAL HYPONATREMIA
sodium deficiency that develops as a result of fluid retention; associated with excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion in patients with SIADH
DWARFISM
generalized limited growth; condition caused by insufficient secretion of growth hormone during childhood
ENDOCRINE
secreting internally; hormonal secretion of a ductless gland
EUTHYROID
state of normal thyroid hormone production
EXOCRINE
secreting externally; hormonal secretion from exretory ducts
EXOPHTHALMOS
abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs; produces a startled expression; usually due to hyperthyroidism
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
steroid hormones (ie, cortisol, corisone, and corticosterone) secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH; produce a rise of liver glycogen and blood glucose
GRAVES' DISEASE
a form of hyperthyroidism; characterized by a diffuse goiter and exophthalmos
GOITER
enlargement of the thyroid gland; usually caused by an iodine-deficient diet
HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE
thyroiditis characterized by high levels of antimicrosomal antibodies; most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States; also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or autoimmune thyroiditis
HORMONES
chemical transmitter substances produced in one organ or part of the body and carried by the bloodstream to other cells or organs on which they have a specific reguloatory effect; produced mainly by endocrine glands (ef, pituitary, thyroid, gonads)
HYPOPHYSECTOMY
surgical removal or destruction of all or part of the pituitary gland
MINERALOCORTICOID
steroid of the adrenal cortex; influences sodium and potassium
MYXEDEMA
severe form of hypothyroidism characgterized by an accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in a subcutaneous and other interstitial tissues, a masklike expression, puffy eyelids, hair loss in the eyebrows, thick lips, and a broad tongue
ADDISON'S CRISIS
acute adrenocortical insufficienty; characterized by acute hypotension, cyanosis, fever, nausea and vomiting, and the classic signs of shock; precipitated by stress or abrupt withdrawal of therapeutic glucocorticoids
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
regulating mechanism in which an increase or decrease in the level of a substance decreases or increases the function of the organ producing the substance
OXYTOCIN
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes myometrial contraction at term and milk release during lactation
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
chromaffin cell tumor, usually benign, located in the adrenal medula; characterized by secretion of catecholamines resulting in hypertension, severe headache, profuse sweating, visual blurring, anxiety, and nausea
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
measurement of hormone or other substance using radioisotope-labeled antigen
SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (SIADH) SECRETION
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland despite low serum osmolality level; occurs with out cell carcinoma of the lung and other malignant tumors that produce ADH
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
released from the pituitary gland; causes stimulation of the thyroid gland, resulting in release of T3 and T4
THYROID STORM
severe life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism precipitated by stress; usually of abrupt onset; characterized by high fever, extreme tachycardia, and altered mental state
THYROIDECTOMY
surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland
THYROIDITIS
inflammation of the thyroid gland; may lead to chronic hypothyroidism or may resolve spontaneously
THYROXICOSIS
condition produced by excessive endogenous or exogenous thyroid hormone
THYROXINE (T4)
thyroid hormone; active iodine compoind formed and stored in the thyroid; deiodinated in periperal tissues to form triiodothyronine(t3); maintains body metabolism in a steady state
TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
thyroid hormone; formed and stored in the thyroid; released in smaller quantities, biologically more active and with faster onset of action than thyroxine (T4); widespread effect on cellular metabolism, influences every major organ system
TROUSSEAU'S SIGN
carpopedal spasm induced when blood flow to the arm is occluded using a blood pressure cuff or tourniquet, causing ischemia to the distal nerves; suggestive sign for latent tetany in hypocalcemia
VASOPRESSIN
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes contractions of smooth muscle, particularly blood vessels

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