Biological Bases of Behavior Part II
Terms
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- Acetylcholine
- Chemical that causes contraction of skeletal muscles, helps regulate heart, transits messages to brain and spinal cord
- Dopamine
- Stimulates hypothalamus to make hormones. Affects alertness/movement
- Serotonin
- Associated with sexual activity, concentration, moods, and emotions.
- Endorphins
- The brain’s “pain killersâ€
- GABA
- Inhibits firing of neurons
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Spaces between segments of myelin
- Excitatory
- Neurotransmitters cause neuron on other side of synapse to generate an action potential (to fire)
- Inhibitory
- Synapse reduces or prevents neural impulses
- Reflex
- Simplest form of behavior; involves an impulse conduction over a few neurons. Ex. Blinking, sneezing, knee jerk
- Reflex arc
- Pathway of impulse conduction
- Afferent neurons
- Transmit impulses from sensory receptors to spinal cord/brain
- Interneurons
- Intervene between sensory and motor neurons; located within brain and spinal cord
- Efferent neurons
- Transmit impulses from sensory or intherneurons to muscle cells that contract or to gland cells that secrete.
- Effectors
- Muscle and gland cells
- Pineal Gland
- Produces melatonin that helps regulate circadian rhythms and is associated with seasonal affective disorders
- Hypothalamus
- Produces hormones that stimulate or inhibit secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland
- Pituitary Gland
- “Master gland†Produces stimulating hormones that promote secretion by other glands. Ex. TSH, ACTH, FSH, ADH,
- Thyroid Glad
- Produces thyroxine, which stimulates and maintains metabolic activities.
- Parathyroids
- Produce parathyroid hormone that helps maintain calcium ion level in blood
- Adrenal Glands
- Produces steroid hormones such as cortisolProduces adrenaline
- Pancreas
- Insulin and glucagons regulate blood sugar
- Ovaries/Testes
- Necessary for reproduction/development of secondary sex characteristics
- TSH
- Thyroid Stimulating hormone
- ACTH
- Stimulates adrenal cortex
- FSH
- Stimulates sperm or egg production
- ADH
- Helps body to retain water
- Turner’s Syndrome
- Females have only one X sex chromosome; Lack ovaries, normal intelligence, webbed neck,
- Klinefelter’s Syndrome
- Males have XXY zygote; male secondary sex characteristics fail to develop, but breast tissue forms.
- Down Syndrome
- 3 copies of chromosome-21; mental retardation, poor coordination,
- Tay-Sachs Syndrome
- Progressive loss of nervous function and death in babies.
- Albinism
- Failure to synthesize or store pigment, abnormal nerve pathways to the brain.
- Phenylketonuria
- Infant lacks an enzyme to process this amino acid, which can build up and poison cells of the nervous system.
- Huntington’s Disease
- Dominant gene defect; Degeneration of the nervous system.