Patho--Dr. Akpaffiong

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Adrenergic aka...: Sympathetic Nervous System
Cholinergic aka...: Parasympathetic Nervous System
Divisions of ANS: Sympathetic (Adrenergic) & Parasympathetic (Cholinergic)
Autonomic Nervous System aka...: Visceral, Vegetative, Involuntary Nervous System
Somatic: Voluntary or Involuntary: Voluntary
Peripheral Nervous System consists of:: Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
What part of the Spinal Cord innervates the Parasympathetic Nervous System?: Craniosacral
What part of the Spinal Cord innervates the Sympathetic Nervous System?: Thoracolumbar
Roles of Sympathetic Nervous System: Responds to emergency situations (fear, anger, worry); Primarily involves expenditure of energy
Roles of Parasympathetic Nervous System: Controls activities of internal organs under normal conditions; Energy conservation
Parasympathetic preganglionic NT: Acetylcholine
Parasympathetic postganglionic NT: Acetylcholine
Ratio of size of Parasympathetic preganglionic to postganglionic fibers: Preganglionic longer
Sympathetic Preganglionic NT (pg 5): Acetylcholine
Sympathetic Postganglionic NT (pg 5): Norepinephrine (except sweat glands)
Ratio of Sympathetic preganglionic to postganglionic fibers (pg 5): 1:20 (postganglionic longer)
List and explain Parasympathetic receptors (pg 5): NICOTINIC (all autonomic ganglion cells, Adrenal Medulla, Neuromuscular Junction); MUSCARINIC (all effector organs innervated by postgang. fibers)
List and explain Sympathetic receptors (pg 5): alpha (inhibitory in GI, excitatory everywhere else); beta (excitatory in heart, inhibitory everywhere else); beta-1 (cardiac); beta-2 (bronchi, blood vessels, etc.)
MAO affects which neurotransmitter and how: breaks down Norepinephrine (NE) in presynaptic neuron
What does a decrease in NE lead to and how can we reverse the effects?: Depression; increase NE synthesis while decreasing reuptake, inhibit MAO which breaks down NE
What is epinephrine made from? (pg 14): Tyrosine-->DOPA-->Dopamine-->Norepinephrine-->Epinephrine
What does DOPA stand for?: Dihydroxyphenylalanine
What is tyrosine hydroxylase, what is its cofactor, and where does it occur? (pg 14): aka tyrosine-3-monooxygenase; catalyzes Tyrosine-->DOPA; tetrahydrobiopterin; neuron
What is aromatic L-amino acid decarboyxlase, what is its cofactor, and where does it occur? (pg 14): catalyzes DOPA-->Dopamine; pyridoxal phosphate; neuron
What is dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, what is its cofactor, and where does it occur? (pg 14): catalyzes Dopamine-->NE; ascorbate; neuron
What is phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase and what is its cofactor? (pg 14): catalyzes NE-->Epi; S-adenosylmethionine; this enzyme acts ONLY in the adrenal medulla
Role of Eserine and its origin: aka Physostigmine, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, made from Calabar bean
dominant receptor in the heart: beta-1
Methacholine (pg 15): Muscarinic agonist
Carbechol (pg 15): Muscarinic agonist; weak nicotinic agonist
Bethanechol (pg 15): Muscarinic agonist
Pilocarpine (pg 15): Muscarinic agonist
Edrophonium (pg 15): Anti-Cholinesterase
Neostigmine (pg 15): Anti-Cholinesterase
Organophosphorous compounds (pg 15): Anti-Cholinesterase
Nicotine (pg 15&19): Nicotinic Agonist (Ganglionic and Skeletal Muscle stimulants); in excess will be a depolarizing block at the ganglion
Anticholinesterases (action on synapses) (pg 15): weak Nicotinic Agonists
Hexamethonium (pg 15&19): Nicotinic Ganglion blockers
Pempidine (pg 15): Nicotinic Ganglion Blockers
Mecamylamine (pg 15&19): Nicotinic Ganglion Blockers
Atropine (pg 15&19): Muscarinic (M-2) Antagonist
Scopolamine (pg 15): Muscarinic Antagonist
Ipratropium (pg 15): Muscarinic Antagonist
Tropicamide (pg 15): Muscarinic Antagonist
Benzhexol (pg 15): Muscarinic Antagonist
Alpha 1 / Alpha 2 Agonists (pg 17&19): NE, Epi; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
Alpha 2 Agonists (pg 17&19): Clonidine, alpha-methyl-noradrenaline; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
Alpha 1 Agonists (pg 17&19): Phenylephrine, Methoxamine; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
Indirectly acting Sympathomimetics (pg 17): Ephedrine, Amphetamine, (Tyramine), Cocaine
Beta 1 & Beta 2 Agonists (stimulates both) (pg 17): Adrenaline, Isoprenaline; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
Beta 2 Agonists (pg 17&19): Salbutamol, Terbutaline, Epi; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
Selective Beta 1 Agonists (pg 17&19): NE, Dobutamine; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
Adrenergic Neurone Blockers (pg 17): Reserpine, Guanethidine, Bethanidine; Directly acting Sympathomimetics
Parasympathetic Ganglia: Ciliary, Pterygopalatine, Submandibular, Otic
Sympathetic Ganglia: Superior Cervical, Middle Cervical, Inferior Cervical; Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, Inferior Mesenteric
Effector organs of sacral nerves: Distal colon, rectum, bladder, kidney, external genitalia
Cranial Nerves involved in Parasympathetic NS: III (Oculomotor), VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus)
CN III Ganglia and Effector organs: Ciliary Ganglion; Eye (ciliary/circular muscles, iris)
CN VII Ganglia and Effector organs: Pterygopalatine Ganglion (lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa); Submandibular Ganglion (Submandibular gland, Sublingual gland)
CN IX Ganglia and Effector organs: Otic Ganglion; Parotid gland & oral mucosa
CN X Ganglia and Effector organs: no ganglia; Heart, Liver & Gall bladder, Stomach, Kidney, Lg Intestine (proximal/ascending colon), Sm. intestine, Larynx, Trachea, Lung (bronchi, pulmonary vessels)
Effector organs of Superior Cervical Ganglion: Eye (radial muscle, iris), Lacrimal galnd, Salivary glands (submandibular, sublingual, parotid), blood vessels of head & neck, Heart
Effector organs of Middle Cervical Ganglion: Heart
Effector organs of Inferior Cervical Ganglion: Heart
Effector organs of Celiac Ganglion: Liver & Gall bladder, Stomach, Sm. intestine, Kidney, Pancreas, Spleen, Adrenal Medulla
Effector organs of Superior Mesenteric Ganglion: Large intestine
Effector organs of Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion: Distal colon, Rectum, Bladder, External genitalia, Kidney
Postganglionic fibers from Sympathetic ganglia innervate visceral structures of the: Thorax, Abdomen, Head, Neck
Synthesis of Epinephrine starting at the amino acid: Tyrosine --> DOPA --> Dopamine --> Norepinephrine --> Epinephrine
What must happen to DOPA before it is converted to Dopamine?: enter vesicle
Where NE is converted to Epi: Adrenal medulla
Alpha 1 & Alpha 2 blockers (blocks both): Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Tolazoline
Alpha 1 blockers: Prazosin, Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Tolazoline
Alpha 2 blockers: Yohimbine, Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Tolazoline
Beta 1 & Beta 2 blockers (blocks both) (pg 17 & 19): Propranolol, Nadolol, Timolol, Oxprenolol, Pindolol, Alprenolol, Atenolol, Acebutolol
Beta 1 blocker only (pg 17 & 19): Metoprolol
Beta 2 blocker only (pg 19): Butoxamine
Nicotinic skeletal muscle antagonists: d-tubocurarine, Decamethonium
what is COMT: catechol-O-methyltransferase; catalyzes breakdown of NE in effector organs to Normetanephrine (NMN)
Adrenergic impulse on Radial muscle, iris of eye: alpha-1 receptor; Contraction (mydriasis) ++
Cholinergic impulse on Radial muscle, iris of eye: no response
Adrenergic impulse on Sphincter muscle of eye: no response
Cholinergic impulse on Sphincter muscle of eye: Contraction (miosis)+++
Adrenergic impulse on Ciliary muscle of Eye: beta-2 receptor; Relaxation for far vision +
Cholinergic impulse on Ciliary muscle of Eye: Contraction for near vision +++
Adrenergic impulse on Lacrimal glands: alpha receptor; Secretion +
Cholinergic impulse on Lacrimal glands: Secretion +++
Adrenergic impulse on SA node of Heart: beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase heart rate ++
Cholinergic impulse on SA node of Heart: Decrease in heart rate; vagal arrest
Adrenergic impulse on Atria of Heart: beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase in contractility & conduction velocity ++
Cholinergic impulse on Atria of Heart: Decrease in contractility, and shortened AP duration ++
Adrenergic impulse on His-Purkinje system of Heart: beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase in automaticity and conduction velocity +++
Cholinergic impulse on His-Purkinje system of Heart: Little effect
Adrenergic impulse on AV node of Heart: beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase in automaticity and conduction velocity ++
Adrenergic impulse on Ventricles of Heart: beta-1 (dominant) & beta-2; Increase in contractility, conduction velocity, automaticity, and rate of idioventricular pacemakers +++
Cholinergic impulse on Ventricles of Heart: Slight decrease in contractility
Adrenergic impulse on Coronary Arterioles: alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction + ; beta-2: Dilation ++
Cholinergic impulse on Coronary Arterioles: Dilation (Constriction with endothelial damage)
Adrenergic impulse on Skin and Mucosa Arterioles: alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction +++
Cholinergic impulse on Skin and Mucosa Arterioles: Dilation
Adrenergic impulse on Skeletal Muscle Arterioles: alpha: Constriction ++ ; beta-2: Dilation ++
Cholinergic impulse on Skeletal Muscle Arterioles: Dilation +
Adrenergic impulse on Cerebral Arterioles: alpha-1: slight Constriction
Cholinergic impulse on Cerebral Arterioles: Dilation
Adrenergic impulse on Pulmonary Arterioles: alpha-1: Constriction +; beta-2: Dilation
Cholinergic impulse on Pulmonary Arterioles: Dilation
Adrenergic impulse on Abdominal viscera Arterioles: alpha-1: Constriction +++; beta-2: Dilation +
Cholinergic impulse on Abdominal viscera Arterioles: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Salivary glands Arterioles: alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction +++
Cholinergic impulse on Salivary glands Arterioles: Dilation ++
Adrenergic impulse on Renal Arterioles: alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction +++; beta-1 & beta-2: Dilation +
Cholinergic impulse on Renal Arterioles: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Veins (Systemic): alpha-1 & alpha-2: Constriction ++ ; beta-2: Dilation ++
Cholinergic impulse on Veins (Systemic): No response
Adrenergic impulse on Tracheal and bronchial muscle of Lungs: beta-2: Relaxation +
Cholinergic impulse on Tracheal and bronchial muscle of Lungs: Contraction ++
Adrenergic impulse on Bronchial glands of Lungs: alpha-1: Decreased secretion ; beta-2: Increased secretion
Cholinergic impulse on Bronchial glands of Lungs: Stimulation +++
Adrenergic impulse on Motility and tone of Stomach: alpha-1 & alpha-2, beta-2 Decrease (usually) +
Cholinergic impulse on Motility and tone of Stomach: Increase +++
Adrenergic impulse on Sphincters of Stomach: alpha-1: Contraction (usually) +
Cholinergic impulse on Sphincters of Stomach: Relaxation (usually) +
Adrenergic impulse on Secretion in Stomach: Stimulation +++
Adrenergic impulse on Motility and tone of Intestine: alpha-1 & 2, beta-1 & 2: Decrease +
Cholinergic impulse on Motility and tone of Intestine: Increase +++
Adrenergic impulse on Sphincters of Intestine: alpha-1: Contraction (usually) +
Cholinergic impulse on Sphincters of Intestine: Relaxation (usually) +
Adrenergic impulse on Secretion in Intestine: alpha-2: Inhibition
Cholinergic impulse on Secretion in Intestine: Contraction +
Adrenergic impulse on Gall bladder and Ducts: beta-2: Relaxation +
Adrenergic impulse on Renin secretion in Kidneys: alpha-1: Decrease + ; beta-1: Increase ++
Cholinergic impulse on Renin secretion in Kidneys: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Detrusor of Urinary bladder: beta-2: Relaxation (usually) +
Pirenzepine: Muscarinic (M-1) blocker
Cholinergic impulse on Detrusor of Urinary bladder: Contraction +++
Adrenergic impulse on Trigone and sphincter of Urinary bladder: alpha-1: Contraction ++
Cholinergic impulse on Trigone and sphincter of Urinary bladder: Relaxation ++
Adrenergic impulse on Motility and tone of Ureter: alpha-1: Increase
Cholinergic impulse on Motility and tone of Ureter: Increase (?)
Adrenergic impulse on Uterus: Pregnant: contraction (alpha-1), relaxation (beta-2); Nonpregnant: relaxation (beta-2)
Cholinergic impulse on Uterus: Variable
Adrenergic impulse on Male Sex Organs: alpha-1: Ejaculation ++
Cholinergic impulse on Male Sex Organs: Erection ++
Adrenergic impulse on Pilomotor muscles of Skin: alpha-1: Contraction ++
Cholinergic impulse on Pilomotor muscles of Skin: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Sweat glands of Skin: alpha-1: Localized secretion +
Cholinergic impulse on Sweat glands of Skin: Generalized secretion ++
Adrenergic impulse on Spleen capsule: alpha-1: Contraction ++ ; beta-2: Relaxation +
Cholinergic impulse on Spleen capsule: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Adrenal medulla: No response
Cholinergic impulse on Adrenal medulla: Secretion of Epi and NE (primarily nicotinic and secondarily muscarinic)
Adrenergic impulse on Skeletal Muscle: beta-2: Increased contractility, glycogenolysis, K+ uptake
Cholinergic impulse on Skeletal Muscle: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Liver: alpha-1 & beta-2: Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis +++
Cholinergic impulse on Liver: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Acini of Pancreas: alpha: Decreased secretion +
Cholinergic impulse on Acini of Pancreas: Secretion ++
Adrenergic impulse on Islets (beta cells) of Pancreas: alpha-2: Decreased secretion +++ ; beta-2: Increased secretion +
Cholinergic impulse on Islets (beta cells) of Pancreas: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Fat cells: alpha-2: Lipolysis +++ (thermogenesis) ; beta-1,2,3: Inhibition of Lipolysis
Cholinergic impulse on Fat cells: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Salivary glands: alpha-1: K+ and water secretion + ; beta: Amylase secretion +
Cholinergic impulse on Salivary glands: K+ and water secretion +++
Adrenergic impulse on Nasopharyngeal glands: No response
Cholinergic impulse on Nasopharyngeal glands: Secretion++
Adrenergic impulse on Pineal gland: beta: Melatonin synthesis
Cholinergic impulse on Pineal gland: No response
Adrenergic impulse on Posterior Pituitary: beta-1: Antidiuretic hormone secretion
Cholinergic impulse on Posterior Pituitary: No response

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Number of cards 169