Anatomy muscles test
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- masseter
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helps with chewing movements, Action is to raise the mandible. Prime mover of raising the mandible
(i)origin: is the zygomatic arch
(ii)insertion: at the angle of the ramus of the mandible. - temporalis
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(i)Origin: the temporalis fossa (an indentation between parietal and temporal bones)
(ii)Insertion: the coronoid process of the mandible
(iii)Function: raises and retracts the mandible. It is a synergist in raising the mandible - lateral pterygoid muscle
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lowers mandible and is fan shaped
1. origin: is pterygoid process of the sphenoid and the great wing of the sphenoid
2. insertion: the mandibular condyle
3. function: when contracts it pull forward on the mandibular condlye and makes it pivot, making mandible go lower - medial pterygoid muscle
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raises mandible, synergist for the masseter.
1. Muscle comes off the pterygoid process of the sphenoid and something about angle, ramus mandible - buccinator
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(i)Origin: alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
(ii)Insertion: the obicularis oris
(iii)Function: compress cheeks and lips together - sternocleidomastoid
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(a) origin is the sternum and clavicle
(b) insertion: the mastoid process of the temporal bone
(c) Function:
(i) contraction of a single muscle – flex cervical vertebrae laterally toward the side of contraction
(ii) Contraction of both muscles- flex cervical vertebrae anteriorly (head goes downward) aka: anterior flexion - splenius capitis
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a deep muscle and has two branches (left and right side)
(a)broad origin: spinous processes of 7th cervical through the 4th thoracic vertebrae (includes vertebrae 1-4) and nuchal ligament
(b)insertion: the occipital and mastoid process
(c)Function:
(i)contraction on one side- the head is rotated toward the side of contraction.
(ii)When both contract – flex cervical vertebrae posteriorly and extends head (extention of the head – head goes backwards) - levator scapulae
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there are two muscles, one on each side
(a)Origin: first 4 cervical vertebrae
(b)Insertion: the superior angle of the scapula
(c)Function: when it contracts it pulls upward and caused elevation of scapula, scapula moves toward head - rhomboideus major
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(i)origin: 2-5 thoracic vertebrae
(ii)insertion: the vertebral border of the scapula
**Function: both muscles elevate (raise) the scapula, adduct the scapula and pull it toward the midline and laterally rotate the scapula towards the humerus - rhomboideus minor
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(i) origin: 7th cervical through 1st thoracic vertebrae
(ii) Insertion: the vertebral border of the scapula at the spine
**Function: both muscles elevate (raise) the scapula, adduct the scapula and pull it toward the midline and laterally rotate the scapula towards the humerus - pectoralis minor
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antagonist to Rhomboideus
(a)Origin: 3,4,5 ribs
(b)Insertion: the coracoid process of the scapula
(c)Function: depress scapula and move it toward the feet, when it contracts it pulls on the coracoid process which pulls the scapula down - serratus anterior
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(a)Origin:1-8th ribs
(b)Insertion: the vertebral border of the scapula
(c)function: moves scapula towards humerus, away from midline. Moves scapula away from midline (abduction) and to move it towards the chest - trapezius
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(a)origin: occipital bone, nuchal ligament, 7th cervical and all thoracic vertebrae
(b)insertion: the clavicle, acromion and the spine of the scapula
(c)Functions:
Whole muscle contraction- adducts the scapula and pulls it toward the midline.
Upper portion contraction- extends head (pulls head backwards)
Middle portion contraction- elevates scapula (synergistic action)
Lower portion contraction- depresses scapula (lowers it, synergist of pectoralis minor) - coracobrachialis
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(i)origin: coracoid process
(ii)insertion: middle of humerus
(iii)Function: prime mover of flexion of arm - pectoralis major
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synergist for flexion (coracobrachialis)
(i)Origin: clavicle, sternum and first 6 costal cartilages
(ii)Insertion: the greater tubercle of the humerus - teres major
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prime mover for extension of arm
(i)Origin: interior angle of the scapula
(ii)Insertion: the lesser tubercle of the humerus
(iii)Function: moves are downward and backward - latissumus dorsi
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synergist for teres major (extension of arm)
(i)Origin: 6-12th thoracic vertebrae, lumbo-dorso fascia (fascia at the small of the back) and the iliac crest
(ii)Insertion: the bicipital groove of the humerus
(iii)Function: it pulls the humerus out of the flex position and goes backward from the anatomical position - deltoideus
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prime mover of abduction of arm
(i)Origin: clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula
(ii)Insertion: the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus - supraspinatus
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– synergist of abduction of arm(of the deltoideus)
(i)origin: supraspinous fossa
(ii)Insertion: on the greater tubercle of the humerus on the posterior side - teres minor
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a.origin: axillary border of the scapula
b.Insertion: the greater tubercle of the humerus (posterior side of the greater tubercle) - infraspinatus
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(i)origin: infraspinous fossa
(ii)Insertion: the greater tubercle of the humerus on the posterior side - biceps brachii
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(PM for flexion when hand supinated hand is moved toward shoulder)
(i)origin: coracoid process of the scapula and upper border of the glenoid cavity
(ii)Insertion: the radial tuberosity - brachialis
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PM when the hand is pronated, back of hand touch shoulder then pushed down so palm is facing ground
(i)Origin: mid humerus
(ii)Insertion: the coracoid process of the ulna - brachioradialis
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PM for flexion when hand is semi-supinated (ROTC position)
(i)Origin: distal humerus
(ii)Insertion: the styloid process of radius - triceps brachii
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(i)Origin: lateral and medial heads of proximal humerus and long head of the axillary border of the scapula
(ii)Insertion: olecranon process of the ulna (pull on ulna and cause tension)
(iii)Function: movement of the forearm - flexor carpi radialis
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(a) Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
(b)Insertion: 2nd metacarpal
(c)Function: flex lateral side of wrist - palmaris longus
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(a)Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
(b)Insertion: the tendon inserts on a band of white fibrous connective tissue called flexor retinaculum of wrist
(c)Function: flex middle of wrist - flexor carpi ulnaris
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(a)Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon of the ulna
(b)Insertion: 5th metacarpal
(c)Function: flex medial side of wrist - extensor carpi radialis longus
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(i)Origin: distal humerus
(ii)Insertion: 2nd metacarpal - extensor carpi radialis brevis
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(i)Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
(ii)Insertion: 3rd metacarpal - extensor carpi ulnaris
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(i)Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
(ii)Insertion: 5th metacarpal - extensor digitorum communis
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(i)Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
(ii)Insertion: distal phalanges of fingers
(iii)Function: extend fingers and extend hand at wrist - supinator
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(i)Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus on the posterior side of the limb and also the proximal ulna
(ii)Insertion: anterior proximal radius
(iii)Function: pulls radius back to anatomical position - pronator quadratus
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(i)Origin: distal ulna
(ii)Insertion: distal radius - pronator teres
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(i) Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna
(ii) Insertion: middle radius lateral edge
(iii) Function: move hand to face floor, pulls radius over ulna so it goes from supinated position hand upward to hand downward - flexor digitorum profundus
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(a)Origin: proximal ulna, common tendon – 4 tendons the one to each distal phalange of the fingers
(b)Function: curls fingers - flexor pollicis longus
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(i)origin: proximal to middle radius
(ii)insertion: distal phalange thumb
(iii)function: pulls thumb toward the head, in forearm - flexor pollicis brevis
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(i)origin: flexor retinaculum: 1st carpal
(ii)insertion: proximal phalange thumb
(iii)location: this is just in the hand or wrist - extensor pollicis longus
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1.origin: middle ulna
2.insertion: distal phalange thumb - extensor pollicis brevis
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1.origin: middle radius
2.insertion: proximal phalange thumb - abductor pollicis longus
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1.origin: middle radius and middle ulna
2.insertion: 1st metacarpal (not phalange), inserts on the side - abductor pollicis brevis
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1.origin: flexor retinaculum
2.insertion: proximal phalange of the thumb - adductor pollicis
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1.origin: 1st carpal, 2nd and 3rd metacarpal – goes to bone at a 90 degree angle
2.insertion: proximal phalange the thumb
3.function: bring thumb back to anatomical position - psoas major
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1.origin: transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5, all lumbar)
2.insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur - iliacus
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fan shaped
1.origin: iliac crest
2.insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur - gluteus maximus
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1.origin: iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx
2.insertion: posterior femur, fascia lata (broad band of CT on the lateral side of the thigh) or iliotibial tract - gluteus medius
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1.origin: lateral surface of the ilium
2.insertion: greater trochanter of the femur - gluteus minimus
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1.origin: lateral surface of the ilium
2.insertion: greater trochanter of the femur - tensor fascia latae
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1.origin: lateral iliac crest
2.Insertion: fascia lata or iliotibial tract (lateral condyle of the tibia?)
3.Function: produces tension on lateral side of thigh for posture (main function). But with lots of tension it can move femur laterally - adductor magnus
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1.origin: inferior pubic ramus, inferior ischial ramus and ischial tuberosity
2.insertion: linea aspera of the femur
3.function: pulls femur back to midline - adductor longus
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1.origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
2.insertion: linea aspera of the femur
3.function: pulls femur toward the midline - adductor brevis
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1.origin: inferior pubic ramus
2.insertion: posterior medial of the femur (close to linea aspera but not exactly same place)
3.function: pull femur back to midline - pectineus
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1.origin: superior pubic ramus
2.insertion: linea aspera of the femur
3.function: pulls femur back to midline - biceps femoris long head
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a.origin: ischial tuberosity
b.insert at the head of the fibula.
c.Action: pulls thigh upward and backward on the lateral side of the leg - biceps femoris short head
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a.origin: linea aspera of the femur
b.insert at the head of the fibula.
c.Action: pulls thigh upward and backward on the lateral side of the leg - semitendinosus
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1.origin: ischial tuberosity
2.insertion: proximal and medial tibia - semimembranosus
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1.origin: ischial tuberosity
2.insertion: medial condyle of the tibia - gracilis
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1.origin: pubic symphysis
2.insertion: proximal medial tibia
3.action: it moves the tibia, flexion of the leg and adduction of the thigh - rectus femoris
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1.origin: anterior inferior iliac spine
2.insertion: patellar tuberosity - vastus lateralis
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1.origin: linea aspera and the greater trochanter
2.insertion: patellar tuberosity - sartorius
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(i)origin: anterior superior iliac spine
(ii)insertion: proximal medial surface of the tibia
(iii)action: pulls leg backward and the thigh upward - vastus medialis
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1.origin: linea aspera
2.insertion: patellar tuberosity - vastus intermedius
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1.origin: anterior femur
2.insertion: patellar tuberosity - gastrocnemius
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(i)origin: lateral medial condyle of the femur
(ii)insertion: calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) and inserts on the calcaneus - soleus
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(i)origin: proximal regions of the tibia and fibula
(ii)insertion: forms tendon then inserts on the calcaneus - tibialis anterior
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(i)origin: lateral condyle of the tibia
(ii)insertion: 1st tarsal and the 1st metatarsal - peroneus tertius
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(i)origin: distal fibula
(ii)insertion: 5th metatarsal - peroneus longus
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(i)origin: head of the fibula
(ii)insertion: 1st metatarsal and 2nd tarsal - peroneus brevis
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1.origin: mid fibula
2.insertion: 5th metatarsal - tibialis posterior
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(i)origin: proximal tibia and fibula and then forms a tendon
(ii)insertion: forms tendon which then splits to go to many locations including: proximal tarsals and 2,3,4 metatarsals - flexor digitorum longus
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(i)origin: proximal tibia
(ii)insertion: a tendon is formed then goes under bones of foot and splits into 4 tendons that then insert on the distal phalanges of the 4 toes - flexor digitorum brevis
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(i)origin: calcaneus
(ii)insertion: 4 tendons come from calcaneus and then insert on the middle phalanges of the 4 toes - flexor hallucis longus
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(i)origin: proximal surface of the fibula
(ii)insertion: distal phalange of the big toe - flexor hallucis brevis
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(i)origin: tarsals
(ii)insertion: small tendon that inserts on the proximal phalange of the big toe - extensor digitorum longus
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(i)origin: lateral conduyle of the tibia and proximal fibula (both high in the leg)
(ii)insertion: the muscle gives off a single tendon that then breaks into 4 tendons that go to the middle and distal phalanges of the 4 toes (extends toes all at the same time) - extensor digitorum brevis
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(i)origin: calcaneus
(ii)insertion: it is four small muscles that then go to the same insertion point as the extensor digitorum longus - extensor hallucis longus
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(i)origin: middle of the fibula
(ii)insertion: muscle forms tendon that then inserts on the distal phalange of the big toe - extensor hallucis brevis
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(i)origin: calcaneus
(ii)insertion: proximal phalange of the big toe