Zoology
General College Zoology Exam Notes : covers Darwinism and Taxonomy
Terms
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- Comparitive Biochemistry
- compares DNA and proteins to establish ancestory
- 5 Major Parts of Darwin's Theory
- Natural Selection, Perpetual Change, Common Decent, Multiplication of Species, and Gradualism
- Gradualism
- idea that is takes a long period of time to observe change
- Jean Baptiste de Lamark
- first to propose mechanism for evolution (transformationalism)
- Apomorphic
- refers to characteristic derived by evolution
- synaptomorphies
- characteristics shared within a clad
- Charles Lyell
- Geologist, responsible for concepts of gradualism, nondirectionalism and uniformitarianism.
- Phylogenetic Species Concept
- believes in distinct groups of measurable organisms in which there is a pattern of ancestory (splitting)
- Biological Species Concept
- idea that individuals within a species are unique and may vary
- dueterosome
- radial cleavage in developmental stage
- paedomorphic
- organism that contains larval characteristics as an adult
- polymorphism
- different allel forms found in a population
- Tranformationalism
- the idea that characteristics are aquired during an organism's life and then passed down. (aka Lamarkism)
- Taxonomic Characters
- used to determine relationships between groups
- Micro evolution
- observes genetic change in population
- phylogeny
- refers to the evolutionary history of the organism
- Dr. John Lightfoot
- added to Usher's theory that the Earth was created Oct. 23rd 4004 BC at 9:00 am
- Founder event
- (allopatric) group of individuals dispersed unususally by weather or major event
- protostome
- spiral clevage in developmental stage
- Darwin visited the Gallopogos Islands in...
- 1835
- Nondirectionalism
- idea that there is no preordained direction things are going; you may look backward but not forward
- Willi Henning
- developed Cladistics in the 1950's
- Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection published in
- 1859
- Charles Darwin
- 1st to come up with idea that explained what caused evolution that applies
- Evolution
- idea that organisms change over time in accordance to environment
- modularity
- set of genes expressed abnormally in another part of the body
- allopatric speciation
- formation of a species due to isolation (geographic or behavioral)
- Only level of natural classification
- Species
- August Weissmen
- developed Neo Darwinisn
- 3 Basic Characterisitcs of a Species
- 1. common ancestory 2. uniqueness 3. ability to interbreed and reproduce
- Darwin's 5 Natural Selcetion Observations
- 1. Organisms have high reproductive capability 2. Natural populations remain fairly constant 3. Natural resources are limited 4. Individuals vary 5. These varitaions are inheritable
- Voyage of Beagle ended in....
- 1836
- Punctuated Equilibrium
- states that evolutionary processes can be fairly rapid (10,000-100,000 yrs) w/ long periods of stability.
- Vicariant Event
- (allopatric) splits species geologically
- Typological Species Concept
- idea that species don't change
- Voyage of the Beagle began on...
- Dec 27 1831
- non allopatric
- formation of a new species with no barrier or disruption by filling of open niches
- Taxonomy
- method of classification that does not include ancestory
- What can upset the Hardy Weinburg Equilibrium
- Genetic drift, nonrandom breeding, migration, natural selection
- Cladistics
- type of classification based on phylogeny but doesn't show past events
- phylogenetic trees
- uses homolgy to help determine ancestory
- Comparitive Cytology
- compares size and shape of chromosomes to establish ancestory
- Heirarchial system
- Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
- Niles Eldredge and Stephen Gauld
- developed Punctuated Equilibrium
- Darwinisn was developed by both...
- Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
- adaptive radiation
- diversification from common ancestor by allopatric or nonallopatric means
- Numerical Taxonomy
- groups individuals into taxas based on number or shared characteristics establishing no evolutionary trends
- Uniformitarianism
- past events occured the same way as they do in the present
- Evolutionary Species Concept
- idea that species may be separated by ancestrial origin (clumping)
- Hardy Weinburg Equilibrium
- states heredity alone doesn't produce evolutionary change (mathematical concept)
- homoplasy
- common function but no common ancestory
- Systematics
- classification that includes speciation by phylogeny
- plesiomorphic
- refers to ancestrial state of a characteristic
- Marco Evolution
- Traditional study of evolution (speciation, adaptation, phylogentic relationship)
- Van Buear
- opposed Haeckle saying that developmental stages of organisms can be similar without being related to evolution
- ontogeny
- refers to organisms individual developmental stages
- Approximate age of the Earth
- 5-6 Billion yrs old
- Multiplication of Species
- concept that evolutionary processes produce new species by splitting and trasforming older species
- Species Criteria
- 1. Common descent 2. smallest unique grouping 3. reproductive community
- Perpetual Change
- the use of the fossil record to observe change in organisms over time
- symplesomorphic
- refers to sharing of a characterist between the ancestor and descendent
- Both Darwin and Wallace's ideas were published in
- 1858
- Darwin wrote a manuscript and sent it with money to his wife to be published in....
- 1840
- endemic
- localized only
- Arch Bishop Usher
- dated the Earth to be 4004 yrs old based on the biblical dates.
- Darwin's Inferences
- 1. Organisms within a population struggle to survive 2. Individuals with favorable characteristics win 3. Over time natural selection produces more and more individuals w/ favorable characteristics
- Comparitive Morphology
- compares features and structures to establish ancestory
- Wallace sent his manuscript to Darwin in
- 1858
- Thomas Malthus
- "Principle of Populations as it affects the Future Improvement of Society (idea that populations grow faster than their resources)
- Carolius Linnaeus
- "Father of Taxonomy" Wrote "Systema Naturae" and developed the Heirarchial system
- homolgy
- common origin and function
- Neo Darwinisn
- modernized version of Darwinian theory that also includes knowledge of genetics
- Common Decent
- idea that all forms of life descended from a common ancestor
- homolgy
- refers to structures that have the same origin and function
- cosmopolitan
- wide spread
- Orthogenesis
- thought that traits isolated by natural selection would over time become adversely nonapaptive
- Ernest Haeckle
- idea of "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". means that trends in organisms' evolution can be observed during embryonic development