Chapter 13
Terms
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- biddle's panic
- jackson, who had already denied the bank of the u.s.'s charter, tried to permanantly kill it off through economic means. biddle, the president of the bank, panicked and called in many loans, killing off a few banks. nevertheless, the bank died.
- Corrupt Bargain of 1824
- After Monroe finished his second term, there were four major contenders for the presidency. They were Jackson, Q Adams, henry clay, and a man named crawford. they all called themselves republicans. jackson won the popular vote, but not the electoral vote. so, the house decided. clay was eliminated, as the house could pick from the top three contenders. however, he has the influnce to throw the election to whomever he wished. he eliminated sickly crawford. also, he greatly disliked jackson, a rival. so, he supported adams by process of elimination. adams won on the first ballot. clay was appointed secretary of state. it seemed that adams bribed clay with the office.
- denmark vesey/ stono rebelllion
- vesey was a free black man in charleston. he lead an aborted slave rebellion, which further fuled debate on the missouri comprimise.
- indian removal act of 1830
- it concided with jackson's plan to move all of the indians east of the mississippi. it helped lead to the forced uprottal of more than 100000 indians.
- five civilized tribes
- including the particulary adaptatious georgia cherokees, these were five tribes that acted rather civilized, and adapted to the white way of life well.
- william crawford
- a presidental canidate from georgia. he suffered a stroke, which led to his elimination as a serious contender.
- trail of tears
- a name given to the fath of the forced march that the indians were put on to lands west of the mississippi. this was done so the land hungry americans could steal their land. many died or were killed.
- henry clay
- speaker of the house. in 1824, clay was speaker when the house had to decide the next president. he chose adams, then, seemingly in reward, he became secretary of state.
- martin van buren
- jackson't choice of sucessor for the 1836 election. he was jacksons secretary of state. jackson wanted power through van buren, his "yes man". he beat the whigs mainly because they were still unorganized. became the eighth president.
- whigs
- a political party formed after jackson. it was delebritly names after the british political party that opposed british monarchy. they severly disliked jacksons ironfisted use of power. it contained many diverse elements. at first they were bound only by dislike of jackson, but it soon formed into a powerful political party. they thought of themselves as conservative , but they were also liberal in many ways.
- cherokee nation v. state of georgia
- in 1828, the ga. legislature ruled that the cherokees had illegally asserted their own legislature and juristiction over their own land. the cherokees appealed, and the supreme court 3 times sided with the indians. jackson, however, ignored the court.
- tariff of 1828
- tariffs were a tricky political issue. the jacksonites put up adams tariff bill early on, hoping that congress would defeat it. congress actaully passed it, creating a huge problem. southerners especially hated it. some states even flirted with the idea of sucession.
- divorce bill
- an attempt at a fix for the ailing and horrible economy, the divorce bill was a jackson like remedy. this bill was to totally divorce the goverment form banking altogether. it established, in theory, an independent treasury. never highly popular. it was passed, then the next year defeated, then passed again.
- John quincy adams
- a great thinker, not a great pollitician. received fewer than 1/3 of the votes in his election; many jackson supporters were outraged over it. advocated much federal spending; a nationalist. only served one rather unpopular term.
- independent treasury bill of 1840
- passed in 1840. bill was a jackson like remedy. this bill was to totally divorce the goverment form banking altogether. it established, in theory, an independent treasury. never highly popular. it was passed, then the next year defeated, then passed again. it contniued until it merged with the federal reserve.
- the alamo
- a famous war cry uttered by texans in their fight for independence. uttered in remembrance of the alamo, a texan fort that was overwhelmed by mexican forces. all texans were killed. also a movie starring billy bob thorton and dennis quaid made in 2004.
- seminol war
- from 1835-1842, seminol indians and runaway slaves waged a war out of the florida everlglades. it was a gurilla war and it took the lives of some 1500 soldiers. the americans trecherously kidnapped their comander under the flag of truce, and the was was quickly lost for the indians.
- bureau of indian affairs
- established in 1836 to deal with the indian- american relationship. however, goverment promises to the indians went up in smoke, and the bureau did nothing. still a symbol of american hypocracy.
- tariff of 1833
- set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for eight years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress.
- john c. calhoun
- secretely wrote a pamphlet condemming the black tariff. this was secret because he was also the vice president. a strong slavery supporter.
- the force bill
- the tariff bills were extremely unpopular. so, this bill allowed the president to use the army and the navy to collect tariffs, if necessary.
- stephen austin
- in 1833, he went to mexico city to negotiate with them. there were many problems between the mexicans and the texans, who often violated mexican laws. when he arrived, the dictator sannta anna put him in jail for 8 months. he then destroyed all local rights and raised an army to defeat the texans.
- john tyler
- harrison's vice president.
- sam houston
- a latecomer and leader of the early texans. he was an ex-governor from tenn. city of houston is named after him. a leading western frontiersman. names commander in chief of texas. defeated sants anna in a battle for texan independence.
- specie circular
- a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with hard money, that is, metallic money. meant to stop the banking problems that arose because of the murder of the bank of the u.s. this killed the speculative boom, it helped the finiancial panic of 1837.
- goliad
- a site where about 400 defeated, surrounded, and surrendered americans were slaughtered by santa anna. "remember goliad" became a war cry soon thereafter.
- santa anna
- dictator of mexico. he jailed american negotiator stephen austin. eventually, he raised an army to suoress the texans and he removed all laws protecting the rights of the locals. he defeated the americans at the alamo, but was defeated by sam houston shortly thereafter. forced to sign treaty giving texas independence.
- tariff of 1832
- swouth carolina hated the tariff of 1828 so much that it threatened sucession, and at least a nullification of the tariff. so, the congress adopted a new tariff with less things that were objectional to the south, although it was still disliked.
- bank war of 1832
- the bank of the u.s. was highly contreversal. when daniel webster and henry clay presented congress with a bill for the renewal of the banks charter, the war borke out. it passed, but jackson vetoed it as unconstitutional, even thought the s.court said it was ok. war is not literal in this case.
- andrew jackson
- a popular war hero due to his criminal activity in florida. he von the electoral votes and the popular vote in 1824, but it was too close, and the house gave the election to adams. many pro- jackson zealots were extremely angry at this, and worked hard to, sucessully, ensure tht he was elected in 1828
- nicholas biddle
- a brilliant but arrogant president of the private bank of the united states. it was not accountable to the people, but to its investors. he held immense and somewhat unconstitutional power over the financial system.
- society for propogating the gospel among indians
- founded in 1787, it had the goal of helping indians assmililate into white society. some tribes were okay with this, while many others were not.
- william henry harrison
- suceeded van buren as the president of the united states. close popular vote, but the elector college overwhelmingly elected him. brought about an increase in popularist democratic style and it also brought about a vicious and durable two-party system. a whig.
- samuel swartwort
- an untrustworthy jackson supporter. he was given the nice position of customs collector for new york. he then fled to england, stealing over 1 million dollars.
- anti-masonic party
- a third party which first entered the field in the election of 1832. it mainly opposed the secrecy and high influnce of the masons. it quickly became a potent political force. interestingly, jackson was a mason. the party was also backed by many protestants. however, jackson was simply too popular.