Psych Final Exam
a bunch of everything
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- classical conditioning
- associating two events or things and you anticipate these things happen together, co-occuring, coined by Pavlov (dogs and salivation to food)
- prejudice
- learned neg attitude toward a target object or group of ppl
- algorithm
- methodical, logical rule or procedure that garantees solving a problem, takes a long time
- plasticity
- brain;s capacity for modification after insult
- ind. variable
- the conndition/event manipulates/varies to see if there's an impact on another variable
- short-term stress
- improves memory
- learning theory
- we learn language bc we are rewarded when we do
- case study
- method used in psych research, learn alot can study rare poeple, observe one indiv closely, BUT not representative of most ppl
- synapse
- the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle
- seperated monozygotic twins
- best way to study roles of genes and environment in development
- three processes needed for memory
- encoding, storage, retrieval
- catharsis hypothesis
- releasing aggresive energy relieves aggressive urges and dec the liklihood that youll act aggressively in the future
- negative reinforcement
- inc liklihood that you'll repeat the behavior by removing something negative, chores
- axon
- long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron
- positive reinforcement
- inc liklihood that you'll repeat the behavior by presenting a reward, allowance
- devient, distressful, dysfunctional
- in order to diagnose thought and behaviors as disorders they need to be
- correlation
- measures relationship btw two variables
- sevant syndrome suggests
- that intelligence is actually multiple distinct abilities
- hypothalamus
- drives for survival, thirst, hunger, sexual drives, body temp, pleasurable feelings, Rhodes and Milner experiment with rodents and lever
- experimental research
- manipulate a variable to see cause and effect
- myths about psych disorders
- once someone has a disorder they always will, ppl with disorders are dangerous and mentally insane, they are rare (44% have them)
- identify at risk children and get them the help they need
- Alfred Binet's int test was originally made to
- anxiety disorders
- class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety
- naturalistic observation
- method used in psych research, unobstrusively observe BUT cannot examine causality and time consuming
- phobia
- anxiety disorder marked by a persistant irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object/situation, 7.8% of Americans suffer
- conditioned stimulus
- tone, neutral/irrevelent stimulus that becomes associated with US and begins to elicit the same response
- general adaption syndrome
- GAS, body's adaptive response to stress
- mental retardation
- score of 70 or below and functional impairment on bell curve
- somnambulism
- sleep walking, stage four of sleep, ppl are unaware
- relearning
- when someone learns something then forgets it, then learns it in a smaller amount of time, the amount of time differences
- psychiatrist
- MD
- long-term stress
- damamges brain, hinders memory
- insomnia
- reoccuring problems falling or staying asleep
- learning
- relatively permanent change in behavior based primarily on exposure to environment
- factors to consider when evaluating psych research
- the size and importance of of the effect, placebo effect, the sample being represented, consider if the findings have been replicated
- nativist theory
- noam chomsky, argues that we have a language aquistion device that switches on and allows us to learn language
- history of psych
- came from physiology and philosophy, sacrates, plato, aristottle=are soul, mind and thoughts seperate or part of the body, 1879, leipzig, germany Wundt and reaction times
- unconditioned response
- salivaton, occurs naturally to US
- developmental psych
- age related changes and applications of the resulting scientific knowledge
- clinical psych
- Phd or PsyD
- hypnosis
- social interaction in which one suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts and behaviors will spontaneously occur, the power of suggestion
- critical thinking
- based on reason and logic
- schizophrenia
- split with reality
- quasi-experimental research
- cannot prove causality, dont manipulate variable
- exposure therapy
- behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing them to things they fear/avoid, systematic and flood
- process of neural communication
- electrochemical process (electrical and chemical), electricity travels along the neuron, space btw other neuron, spits out siganls to other neuron
- myths about alcolhol disorder
- abstinence is the only cure, treatment is needed
- cerebral cortex
- all lobes
- occipital
- visual info processed
- data
- observations made in a society, ex: heart rate suring a movie
- processing color vision
- step one: trichromatic process, sensory receptors fire to certain colors (red, green and blue) info gets to the brain, step 2: opponent process, polar opposites work together, cells in brain work as opposites
- emotional intelligence
- ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions
- recognition
- put info infront of you, you say which is right, mult choice ?'s
- perception
- interpretation
- observational learning
- A learning methord in which we observe and imitate others.
- discriminating pitch and sound
- factor one: frequency or how often our sensory receptors fire in the ear AND what or where these cells are located in the ear (place theory)
- cognative psych
- the study of mental activities or thought processes related to attention, learning, intelligence, problem solving, decision making, language, and memory
- insight
- rt temporal lobe, a-ha moment, sudden realization of the solution
- fluid intelligence
- reasoning ability (process new info) decreases sharply from early adulthood on
- dependent variable
- the variable that is thought to be affected by the ind. variable
- solomon asch
- lines and influence of conformity
- frontal
- planning, attention, regulating emotion and impulses
- punishment
- an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
- three storehouses of memory
- sensory(lil info, lil amount of time), working/short term memory (a few seconds of storage, 7 plus or minus 2 to remember at any given time says miller) long-term (limitless, info in for life)
- mood disorders
- caused by biololgical (family), psychological (gender or pesimism), social-cultural (trauma)
- rehearsal
- concious repitition of info
- participant
- anyone/anything whose behaviors are systematically observed in research
- parietal
- touch, movements, and sense of space
- gestalt psych
- emphasis is your perception of the world is more than simply adding all that we sense/detect in our environment
- thalamus
- sensory relay station, touch, hearing, vision, NOT smell, tells sensory info where to go in the brain
- social cognition
- process through which ppl select, interpret and remember social information
- trial and error
- haphazardly trying possible solutions and discarding those that are in error until one works
- repression
- process of forcing tramatic/stressful producing experiences from memory, defense mechanism, coined by signund freud
- dendrite
- short fiber that conducts toward the cell body of the neuron
- psychoanalytic perspective
- created by sig freud, importance of the unconcious and drives shape personality
- two schools of thought
- structuralism-ways ppl think about things, how these thought processes relate AND functionalism-adaptive value of our processes, what function do processes serve?
- neurotransmitter
- chemical messengers released by axon
- hallucinations
- sensory experiences that occur w/o sensory stimulations
- polygraph test
- device that records several indicators of automatic ns reactivity while a subject is questioned, heart rate, respiration rate and GSR/sweat
- features that make psych a science
- systematic empiriscism (critical thinking), falsifyability (hypothesis must be able to be proved wrong), publically available knowledge
- temporal
- production and comprehension of speech, when damaged ppl experience aphasia
- heuristic
- simple thinking strategy allowing efficient judhement and problem solving, rule of thumb, quick, doesnt garantee a correct answer
- crystallized intelligence
- accumulated knowledge (stuff you learned) increases and then levels off
- long-term potentiation
- biological basis for memory, LPT, requires electrical activity, synapse changes so that those two neurons will fire together
- nature and nurture
- int is a combo of biological factors and life experiences otherwise known as
- research on hypnosis
- most effective to manage pain
- recall
- retrieve info from long-term memory, more difficult type of info, fill in the blank ?'s
- factors that influence attraction
- proximity, physical attraction, similarity
- contemporary psych
- scientific study of behavior and mental processes and the application of knowledgen gained from research on these issues to make life better for ppl
- narcolepsy
- uncontrollable sleep attacks, 1 out of 2000 ppl suffer from it
- spearman's g
- single intellectual factor that underlies all other specific mental abilites, tests-one score shows how int you are, there is a correlation among scores but its doesnt say how successful youll be at life or what kind of person youll be
- infantile amnesia
- the inability to recall memories or events during infancy
- survey
- method used in psych research, easy to collect data on things hard ti observe BUT wording affects and theres social desireability
- hippocampus
- heavily involved in memory
- variable
- anything being measured or changed in a study
- spacing effect
- the tendacy of distributed study or practice to yeild better long-term retention than what is achieved through study (cramming)
- person perception
- process of forming impressions of others
- memory
- ability to store and retrieve information, Liz Loftus quote-"when recalled memories are reconstructed from a few highlights, using info that may or may not be correct," leads to risk of error
- attitudes
- pos or neg evaluations toward objects or thoughts
- attachment
- emotional bonds of affection btw infant and caregiver
- intelligence in adulthood
- crystallized intelligence is stable and fluid intelligence decreases
- alzheimer's disease
- progressive irreversable brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration or memory, reasoning, language and physical functioning
- subliminal perception
- when you detect and interpret sensory info w/o knowing it, however the effect is small and short lived
- chunking
- putting info together into meaningful units, phone number
- ocd
- characterized by unwanted repetative thoughts and or actions, ppl are aware its a problem
- unconditioned stimulus
- food, event or object, automatically triggers a response, unlearned, innate
- sensation
- detection
- discrimination
- behaving differently towards a member of a group
- conciousness
- state of awareness of ourselves and our environment
- stanford prison experiment
- philip zombardo, role playing on behaviors, even good ppl will play the role
- amygdala
- almond shaoed, processing emotional information, research with cats and mice, fear and anger
- stress
- process where we appraise and cope with threats and challenges
- stanly milgram
- would ppl follow crazy orders from authority figures. 70-80% suggests that obedience to authority is influential
- object permanence
- awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived
- social psych
- study of the way indivuduals thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others and situations
- operant conditioning
- behaviors are influenced by/tied to consequences